module 1

Question 1

what is pharmacology?

Answer 1

the study of drugs that involves route of administration, how the drug works, therapeutic effects and adverse effects

Question 2

what is a drug?

Answer 2

traditional drugs or chemical agent

Question 3

what is a biologic?

Answer 3

antibodies or hormones

Question 4

what is a natural health products?

Answer 4

herbals, vitamins and minerals

Question 5

how long does drug approval take in canada?

Answer 5

15 years

Question 6

how much does total cost of a new drug cost?

Answer 6

800000000 (eight hundred million)

Question 7

what happens during the drug discovery/preclinical testing?

Answer 7

-in cultured cells, living tissue or experimental animals
-evaluate biological effects, pharmacokinetics, toxicity
-6.5 years

Question 8

what happens during clinical trial application?

Answer 8

application submitted through health canada, involves alot of paperwork and h

Question 9

phase 1 clinical trial

Answer 9

20-100 volunteerrs
one year

Question 10

phase 2 clinical

Answer 10

300-500 sick
2 years

Question 11

phase 3

Answer 11

500-5000 pt
4 years

Question 12

new drug submission

Answer 12

report about how well the drug works and safety
1.5 years

Question 13

phase 4

Answer 13

continues after drug is monitored

Question 14

what is an eteral drug

Answer 14

involves GI tract

Question 15

what does the rough endoplasmic recticulum do?

Answer 15

synthesizes proteins

Question 16

what does the smooth endoplasmic recticulum do?

Answer 16

metabolism of drugs, carbs and steroids

Question 17

what does the golgi do?

Answer 17

processing and packaging of lipids and proteins

Question 18

how do drugs pass through the cell membrane

Answer 18

-directly penetrate
-pass through ion/pores
-specific transport proteins

Question 19

what drugs enter via ion channels and pores?

Answer 19

-very small (under 200da)
-channels are selective
-sodium, potassium and lithium can pass through here

Question 20

how do drugs pass through the membrance using drugs transporters?

Answer 20

-carrier proteins that move drugs from side to side
-uptake transporters move drug into cell (importnat for renal excretion, intestinal absorption and drugs reaching their target site
-efflux transporters

Question 21

what are the types of drug transporters?

Answer 21

intake and efflux

Question 22

what are the different type of drug molecules

Answer 22

• polar molecules
  -ions
  -quaternary molecules
  -ionizable molecules
  -lipophilic molecules

Question 23

what are the qualilties of a polar molecule?

Answer 23

water soluble
uneven charge BUT NO NET CHARGE
glucose, water, antibiotic

Question 24

what are the qualities of an ion?

Answer 24

-electrons and protons are off balance
-have a net charge
-due to their charge, they cannot pass through the cell membrane - they can pass through pores if theyre small

Question 25

what are the qualities of quaternary annomium compounds?

Answer 25

- always postive -always have a nitrogen -unable to pass directly through the cell membrane

Question 26

desribe the qualities of an ionizable molecule

Answer 26

-can be charged or uncharged -molecules are weak acids or weak bases -determination of whether it will have a charge depends on the medium that its surrounded in - weak acid + weak acid = non ionized -weak base + weak base = non ionized -weak base + weak acid = ionized!

Question 27

Impact of pH on drug movement

Answer 27

-ionized drugs cannot pass through membrane -most drugs are weak bases and therefore can pass through the membrane into an alkaline medium (non ionized drugs can pass)

Question 28

why does ion trapping occur?

Answer 28

- occurs when there's a difference in pH on different sides of the membrane -drugs accumulate on one side when theyre ionized -the cause of an overdose!!

Question 29

how do hydrophilic drugs move out the capillaries?

Answer 29

-cannot penetrate the membrane -must pass through fenestrATIONs to exit

Question 30

how do lipophilic drugs pass out of the capillaries?

Answer 30

- passes through the endothelial cell membrane -can also pass through fenestrations

Question 31

Describe how drugs move out of the capillaries at the BBB?

Answer 31

- cells that line the endothelial cells in the brain are called astrocytes -THERE ARE NO FENESTRATIONS IN THESE CAPILLAIRIES, THERE ARE ONLY TIGHT JUNCTIONS, THEREFORE HYDROPHILLIC CANNOT PASS THROUGH BUT LIPOPHILLIC CAN