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Pharm > module 1 > Flashcards

module 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is pharmacology?

A

the study of drugs that involves route of administration, how the drug works, therapeutic effects and adverse effects

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2
Q

what is a drug?

A

traditional drugs or chemical agent

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3
Q

what is a biologic?

A

antibodies or hormones

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4
Q

what is a natural health products?

A

herbals, vitamins and minerals

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5
Q

how long does drug approval take in canada?

A

15 years

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6
Q

how much does total cost of a new drug cost?

A

800000000 (eight hundred million)

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7
Q

what happens during the drug discovery/preclinical testing?

A

-in cultured cells, living tissue or experimental animals
-evaluate biological effects, pharmacokinetics, toxicity
-6.5 years

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8
Q

what happens during clinical trial application?

A

application submitted through health canada, involves alot of paperwork and h

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9
Q

phase 1 clinical trial

A

20-100 volunteerrs
one year

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10
Q

phase 2 clinical

A

300-500 sick
2 years

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11
Q

phase 3

A

500-5000 pt
4 years

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12
Q

new drug submission

A

report about how well the drug works and safety
1.5 years

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13
Q

phase 4

A

continues after drug is monitored

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14
Q

what is an eteral drug

A

involves GI tract

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15
Q

what does the rough endoplasmic recticulum do?

A

synthesizes proteins

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16
Q

what does the smooth endoplasmic recticulum do?

A

metabolism of drugs, carbs and steroids

17
Q

what does the golgi do?

A

processing and packaging of lipids and proteins

18
Q

how do drugs pass through the cell membrane

A

-directly penetrate
-pass through ion/pores
-specific transport proteins

19
Q

what drugs enter via ion channels and pores?

A

-very small (under 200da)
-channels are selective
-sodium, potassium and lithium can pass through here

20
Q

how do drugs pass through the membrance using drugs transporters?

A

-carrier proteins that move drugs from side to side
-uptake transporters move drug into cell (importnat for renal excretion, intestinal absorption and drugs reaching their target site
-efflux transporters

21
Q

what are the types of drug transporters?

A

intake and efflux

22
Q

what are the different type of drug molecules

A
  • polar molecules
    -ions
    -quaternary molecules
    -ionizable molecules
    -lipophilic molecules
23
Q

what are the qualilties of a polar molecule?

A

water soluble
uneven charge BUT NO NET CHARGE
glucose, water, antibiotic

24
Q

what are the qualities of an ion?

A

-electrons and protons are off balance
-have a net charge
-due to their charge, they cannot pass through the cell membrane - they can pass through pores if theyre small

25
Q

what are the qualities of quaternary annomium compounds?

A
  • always postive
    -always have a nitrogen
    -unable to pass directly through the cell membrane
26
Q

desribe the qualities of an ionizable molecule

A

-can be charged or uncharged
-molecules are weak acids or weak bases
-determination of whether it will have a charge depends on the medium that its surrounded in
- weak acid + weak acid = non ionized
-weak base + weak base = non ionized
-weak base + weak acid = ionized!

27
Q

Impact of pH on drug movement

A

-ionized drugs cannot pass through membrane
-most drugs are weak bases and therefore can pass
through the membrane into an alkaline medium
(non ionized drugs can pass)

28
Q

why does ion trapping occur?

A
  • occurs when there’s a difference in pH on different sides of the membrane
    -drugs accumulate on one side when theyre ionized
    -the cause of an overdose!!
29
Q

how do hydrophilic drugs move out the capillaries?

A

-cannot penetrate the membrane
-must pass through fenestrATIONs to exit

30
Q

how do lipophilic drugs pass out of the capillaries?

A
  • passes through the endothelial cell membrane
    -can also pass through fenestrations
31
Q

Describe how drugs move out of the capillaries at the BBB?

A
  • cells that line the endothelial cells in the brain are
    called astrocytes
    -THERE ARE NO FENESTRATIONS IN THESE
    CAPILLAIRIES, THERE ARE ONLY TIGHT JUNCTIONS, THEREFORE HYDROPHILLIC CANNOT PASS THROUGH BUT LIPOPHILLIC CAN

Pharm (12 decks)

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