Module 07A Flashcards

1
Q

what is the scalp

A

layers of subcutaneous tissue and skin that cover the bones of the skull

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2
Q

how many layers of the scalp are there

A

5

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3
Q

s - of scalp

A

skin

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4
Q

skin of scalp

A

contains all of the epidermal appendages including hair follicles and sebaceous glands

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5
Q

c- scalp

A

dense connective tissue

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6
Q

dense connective tissue

A

this highly vascularized and innervated layer also contains hair follicles,
- scalp lacerations that penetrate this layer may bleed profusely due to rich blood supply found here

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7
Q

a- scalp

A

aponeurosis

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8
Q

aponeurosis

A
  • thin, board, tendon-like sheet that covers the dome of the skull and serves as an intermediate tendon between the occipitalis muscle posteriorly and frontalis muscle anteriorly
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9
Q

function of the occipitalis muscle and frontalis

A

move the scalp, wrinkle the forehead, raise the eyebrows

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10
Q

l- scalp

A

loose connective tissue

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11
Q

loose connective tissue

A

this layer may be referred to as the ‘danger area of the scalp’
- infections can easily spread within it and enter the cranial cavity
- easy plane of separation between the upper three layers and the pericranium (the external periosteum of the skull)

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12
Q

p- scalp

A

pericranium (periosteum)

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13
Q

pericranium (periosteum)

A

thin layer of connective tissue that covers the bones of the skull
- protect the skull and provides nutrients to the bone

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14
Q

complication with hair transplants

A
  • nerve damage
  • prolonged pain
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15
Q

nerve damage of hair transplant

A
  • numbness/lack of sensation from nerve damage and/or bleeding from vascular damage of the skin and connective tissue (dense) layers of the scalp
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16
Q

prolonged pain- from hair transplant

A
  • post pain surgery is part of the normal recovery process as the follicles are healing
  • pain that doesn’t subside after 4-5 weeks is abnormal and may indicate an infection of the new follicles
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17
Q

what are the 3 major salivary glands?

A

parotid gland
sublingual gland
submandibular gland

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18
Q

how much saliva is produce from the 3 glands?

A

0.5-2.0 liters a day

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19
Q

parotid gland- how do the secretions exit

A
  • through stensen’s duct (parotid duct)
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20
Q

Stensen’s duct path

A

passes superficial to the masseter muscle, and then pierces the buccinator to open into the oral cavity (opposite the second upper molar tooth)

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21
Q

what is the largest salivary gland?

A

submandibular gland

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22
Q

where can the submandibular gland be palpated

A

in the neck medial to the lower border of the mandible

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23
Q

where do secretions of the submandibular exit

A

through Whartons duct (submandibular duct) into the sublingual papillae behind the lower incisors on the side of the lingual frenulum

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24
Q

what is the inferior part of the parotid gland sometimes referred to as

A

the ‘parotid tail’

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25
Q

salivary gland stones

A
  • calcified stones form when chemicals in the saliva accumulate in the duct or gland
  • can affect both parotid and submandibular glands
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26
Q

stones in the parotid gland

A

tend to be larger and less common

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27
Q

symptoms of salivary gland stone in parotid duct

A
  • swelling of the gland and check, pain in the lower jaw near the duct, especially of eating and difficulty opening the mouth from a blockage of the flow of saliva in the duct
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28
Q

when do salivary gland stones occur

A
  • randomly
  • etiology is unknown
  • reduce saliva production and/or thickened saliva may be risk factors for the development of salivary gland stones as they reduce the flow saliva
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29
Q

factors that lead to reduced/thickened salivary production

A
  • dehydration
  • poor eating
  • use of certain medications (BP and bladder control)
  • trauma to the salivary gland
  • genetics- males have higher risk of less production
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30
Q

muscles of facial expression

A
  • specialized group of voluntary muscles that protect the orifices of the face by acting as sphincters and dilators
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31
Q

contraction of buccinator facial muscle

A
  • pulls the cheeks tightly against the teeth, preventing food from collecting between the teeth and gums during mastication and working in concert with the tongue to keep food between the molars
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32
Q

what is the 7th cranial nerve

A

facial nerve

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33
Q

facial nerve branches

A
  • temporal
  • buccal
  • cervical
  • zygomatic
  • marginal mandibular
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34
Q

buccinator muscle strain

A
  • occur from strenuous activity of the jaw such as chewing gum for extended period of time, ill-fitting mouthpieces, or contact sport injury
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35
Q

where would pain occur with a buccinator muscle strain?

A
  • deep pain in the cheek that can resemble a painful cavity or even an abscessed tooth
  • the strained muscle may cause pain during movements like chewing, moving food around in mouth, smiling, swallowing
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36
Q

what is the 5th cranial nerve

A

trigeminal nerve

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37
Q

function of cranial nerve

A
  • carries sensory (touch, pain, temp) and motor innervation to face
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38
Q

what are the 3 branches of the trigeminal nerve

A
  • mandibular (v3)
  • maxillary (V2)
  • ophthalmic (V1)
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39
Q

mandibular (v3)

A
  • supplies the skin of lower lip, lower face, temporal region, and upper part of external ear
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40
Q

what branch of trigeminal only carriers motor innervation to the muscles of mastication?

A

mandibular (v3)

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41
Q

maxillary V2

A

innervates the skin of the lateral sides of the nose, lower eyelid, cheek, temporal region, and upper lip

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42
Q

ophthalmic (V1)

A

carries sensory information from the skin of the forehead, upper eyelid, and midline of the nose

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43
Q

trigeminal neuralgia

A
  • chronic pain condition resulting from trigeminal nerve impairment
  • impairment can be caused by compression of the trigeminal nerve by neighboring structures (blood vessel, tumor) multiple sclerosis (affects nerves), or natural aging process
  • damage to nerve could also be from surgery
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44
Q

symptoms of trigeminal neuralgia

A
  • brief periods of stabbing or shooting pain following the path of the trigeminal nerve in the teeth, jaw, upper gums
  • forehead pain
  • pain triggered by brushing teeth, shaving, brushing front of hair, putting on facial cream
  • pain can last few seconds -> few min with multiple attach a day
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45
Q

how many extraocular muscles control the eye

A

7

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46
Q

horizontal axis eye movements

A
  • elevation of the eyeball with the pupil in the midline (superior rectus and inferior oblique muscles)
  • depression is facilitated by the inferior rectus and superior oblique muscles
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47
Q

vertical axis movements of eye

A
  • abduction: lateral rectus muscle
  • adduction: medial rectus muscle
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48
Q

ophthalmic artery

A
  • branch off the internal carotid artery
  • enters the orbit with the optic nerve through the optic canal
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49
Q

branches of ophthalmic artery + example

A

supply contents of the orbit and the eyelids
- central retinal artery

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50
Q

central retinal artery

A

nourishes the retina of the eyelid

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51
Q

superior ophthalmic vein

A
  • formed by smaller veins that drain the orbit
  • passes through the superior orbital fissure to drain into the cavernous sinus
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52
Q

cavernous sinus

A
  • rich plexus of veins that surrond the internal carotid artery
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53
Q

inferior ophthalmic vein

A

usually joins the superior ophthalmic vein before draining into the cavernous sinus

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54
Q

what is pyomyositis of the extraocular muscles

A
  • acute bacterial infection usually caused by staphylococcus aureus which is a bacterium frequently found in the upper respiratory tract and on the skin
  • affects skeletal muscles and if found in the orbit of they eye is becomes this condition
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55
Q

symptoms of pyomyositis of the extraocular muscles

A
  • pain
  • swelling (bulging), redness in the eye as a immune response
  • movement of eye restricted due to swelling of muscles and pain
  • inflamed muscles can compress the optic nerve leading to vision impairments
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56
Q

what may occur with pyomyositis of the extraocular muscles depending on the location

A

central retinal artery occlusion, compressing blood supply to the eye

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57
Q

the ear

A
  • contain organs of hearing and balance
  • divided into 3 parts external ear, middle ear, inner ear
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58
Q

function of the middle ear

A
  • air-containing space within the temporal bone of the skull which functions to transmit vibrations from the tympanic membrane (ear drum) to the internal ear
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59
Q

how many borders of the middle ear are there?

A

6

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60
Q

lateral border of the middle ear

A
  • lateral membranous wall of the middle ear is formed by the tympanic membrane
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61
Q

medial border of the middle ear

A

the medial (labyrinthine) wall separates the middle ear from the inner ear

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62
Q

posterior wall of the middle ear

A
  • thin bone separating the tympanic cavity from the mastoid air cells in the temporal bone
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63
Q

roof of the middle ear

A
  • also known as tegmental wall
    formed by a thin plate of the bone, the tegmen tympani, which separates the middle ear from the middle cranial fossa
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64
Q

floor of the middle ear

A
  • also known as jugular wall
  • thin bone separating the middle ear from the internal jugular vein below
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65
Q

anterior wall of the middle ear

A
  • thin bone that separates the tympanic cavity from the internal carotid artery
  • the upper anterior wall is incomplete because it has an opening for the Eustachian tube
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66
Q

what is the eustachian tube

A
  • channel between the middle ear and nasopharynx
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67
Q

what does the eustachian tube do?

A

equalize the pressure on either side of the tympanic membrane allowing the tympanic membrane to vibrate properly for transmission of sound to the inner ear

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68
Q

nasopharnx

A
  • the upper part of the pharynx that connects to the nasal cavity
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69
Q

eustachian tube dysfunction (ETD)

A
  • usually a temporary caused by the inability to equalize the pressure in the middle ear
  • may be experienced as dulled hearing and a feeling of pressure or fullness in the affected ear
70
Q

symptoms of eustachian tube dysfunction (ETD)

A
  • pain
  • plugging
  • muffing
  • poor balance
71
Q

causes of eustachian tube dysfunction (ETD)

A
  • problems equalizing pressure
  • tympanic membrane bulges out
  • pressure pushes air bubble
  • tube may not be open, tumoring scarring
  • chemicals in middle ear (because the tube is always open)
  • cannot clear the muscus (cilia problems)
72
Q

what does the nasal septum form

A

the medial wall that separates the right and left nasal cavities

73
Q

what forms the nasal septum

A

cartilage and bone

74
Q

what does the anterior portion of the nasal septum contain

A

a rich anastomosis of arteries

75
Q

irritation to arteries in anterior portion of nasal septum

A

irritation caused by allergens, bacteria, foreign objects can cause swelling restricting breathing

76
Q

what supplies the nasal septum

A
  • carotid arteries
  • ophthalmic and maxillary arteries
    -kisesselbachs plexus
77
Q

carotid arteries

A

The internal and external carotid arteries ascend towards the nasal septum.

78
Q

Ophthalmic and Maxillary Arteries of nose

A

The ophthalmic artery branches off the internal carotid artery and the maxillary artery branches off the
external carotid artery.

79
Q

Kiesselbach’s plexus

A

Branches of the ophthalmic and maxillary arteries anastomose to form Kiesselbach’s plexus, a richly
vascularized area in the anterior portion of the nasal septum.

80
Q

Sensory information from the nasal septum

A

carried by branches of the trigeminal nerve (C N V ),
whereas special sensory information (sense of smell) is carried by the olfactory nerve (C N I).

81
Q

The anterosuperior part of the nasal septum is innervated by the

A

ophthalmic branch (V1) of the
trigeminal nerve

82
Q

the rest of the nasal septum is innervated by the

A

maxillary branch (V2).

83
Q

Irritation
caused by allergens, bacteria, or foreign objects can

A

irritate the nerves of the nasal septum and cause an “itchy” sensation upon repeated stimulation

84
Q

Nasal polyps

A
  • soft, painless, noncancerous growths that hang down like teardrops or grapes from the lining of the nasal cavity.
  • common in adults
85
Q

Causes of Nasal polyps

A

chronic inflammation (swelling) of the vascular supply in the walls of
the nasal cavity which may be associated with asthma, recurring infection, allergies, drug sensitivity, or
certain immune disorders.

86
Q

Symptoms of nasal polyps

A

Small nasal polyps may not cause any symptoms. Larger growths or groups of nasal polyps can block
the nasal passages (congestion) leading to a loss of smell, breathing problems, and a post-nasal drip.

87
Q

The oral cavity is bounded by

A

roof: palate
floor: a mucous
membrane covering the mylohyoid muscle.

88
Q

lying on the floor of the oral cavity

A

is the tongue

89
Q

The ninth cranial nerve

A

glossopharyngeal nerve

90
Q

glossopharyngeal nerve

A

lingual branches that supply both general and special sensory innervation to the posterior ⅓ of the tongue.

91
Q

trigeminal nerve oral cavity

A

mandibular division gives rise to the lingual nerve which supplies general sensory innervation to the anterior ⅔ of the tongue.

92
Q

facial nerve- oral cavity

A

(taste) from the anterior ⅔ of the tongue is carried by the lingual nerve to the chorda tympani

93
Q

chorda tympani

A

branch of the facial (VII) nerve.

94
Q

the lingual artery wehre is it from

A
  • external carotid artery ascends in the neck and gives rise to several branches including the maxillary and lingual artery
95
Q

what does the liguinal artery supply

A

the tongue sublingual gland, and the floor of the mouth

96
Q

what does the maxillary artery supply

A

supplies the upper jaw region and nose

97
Q

Dysgeusia

A

distortion of the sense of taste.

98
Q

about Dysgeusia

A
  • distortion in the sense of taste is a symptom, and the diagnosis is usually complicated since the
    sense of taste is tied to both the facial (chorda tympani) and glossopharyngeal nerves.
99
Q

symptoms of Dysgeusia

A

distortion of taste, issues with swallowing and an impaired gag reflex, as these functions are controlled by the glossopharyngeal nerve.

100
Q

nasal endoscopy

A

procedure to look at the nasal and sinus passages using a narrow tube instrument with a lighted magnifying lens or camera

101
Q

what are muscles of mastication

A

4 paired muscles that attach to the mandible and are responsible for movements of the jaw

102
Q

where are the pterygoid muscles located

A

on the inner surface of the mandible, deep to the temporalis and massester muscles

103
Q

the lateral (external) pterygoid muscle

A
  • fibers run horizontally to insert into the neck of the mandible as well as the capsule and articular disc of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ)
104
Q

the medial (internal) pterygoid muscle

A
  • fibers run obliquely downward and backwards to insert on to the medial surface of the mandible near its angle
105
Q

actions of the muscles of mastication

106
Q

muscles in elevation of chewing

A

elevation: temporalis, masseter, medial pterygoid

107
Q

muscles in depression of chewing

A

Depression: primarily gravity and relaxation of the muscles

108
Q

muscles in lateral (side to side) of chewing

A

medial and lateral pterygoids

109
Q

muscles of protraction of chewing

A

lateral pterygoid

110
Q

retraction muscles in chewing

A

temporalis

111
Q

innervation of muscles of mastication

A

trigeminal nerve (C N V ) provides motor innervation to the muscles of mastication from the mandibular nerve (V3) branch.

112
Q

what can cause lateral pyerygoid strain

A

overuse, or clenching of the jaw, perhaps when one is
under stress.

113
Q

symptoms of lateral pterygoid strain

A

Chewing can become very painful if the tongue, or food, is pressed against the location of the muscle itself
- pain maxilla
- pain at TMJ
- TMJ dysfunction

114
Q

what can lateral pterygoid strain result in

A

T M J dysfunction, due to its insertion on the neck of the mandible and capsule of the T M J

115
Q

Pain radiating to the maxilla (jaw)

A

Pain will follow the pathway of the mandibular nerve (V3) innervating the lateral pterygoid.

116
Q

Pain at T M J

A

Palpating the T M J itself may be painful due to strain at the muscle insertion. The muscle itself would
cause pain, aggravated by the act of chewing.

117
Q

T M J Dysfunction

A

If the lateral pterygoid is strained, it can result in displacement of the articular disc of T M J , resulting in
an impairment of masticatory function. A clicking noise may be heard due to this resulting
misalignment at the joint.

118
Q

what is the temporomandibular joint (T M J )

A
  • synovial, modified hinge joint between the head (condyle) of the mandible, the mandibular fossa, and the articular tubercle of the temporal bone.
  • Between the articular surfaces is a fibrocartilaginous articular disc.
119
Q

movements of the TMJ

A
  • during chewing it acts like a hinge between the head and the mandible and the articular disc
  • during wide opening: mandible is depressed and pulled forward by the lateral pterygoid muscles, head of mandible and articular disc slide anteriorly on to the articular tubercles
  • elevation : by the temporalis and masseter muscles and retraction by the temporalis
120
Q

Temporomandibular joint (T M J ) syndrome

A
  • can arise from problems with the
    muscles of the jaw
  • T M J syndrome can also be caused by the joint itself becoming
    compromised
  • typically due to excessive teeth grinding and jaw clenching which can result in misalignment of the articular disc, and potentially damage to the articular cartilage of the joint itself
121
Q

symptoms of TMJ

A
  • clicking
  • Pain and tenderness in the jaw
  • Pain in one or both temporomandibular joints
  • Difficulty chewing
  • Locking of the joint
122
Q

maxillary artery for the supply of the muscles of mastication

A

terminal branch of the
external carotid artery

123
Q

branch of the maxillary artery

A

middle meningeal artery

124
Q

middle meningeal artery

A

enters the cranial cavity to supply much of the dura mater

125
Q

epidural hematoma

A
  • when branches of the middle meningeal artery run in the dura mater of the skull and a fracture in the skull can tear them and cause internal bleeding and increase intracranial pressure
126
Q

causes of epidural hematoma.

A

are related to a blunt injury: a head injury from a motor
vehicle collision, physical assaults, or accidental falls. A break in the temporal bone of the skull may
result in this life-threatening condition.

127
Q

symptoms of epidural hematoma.

A

initial loss of consciousness following trauma, a rapid neurological deterioration, and severe headaches due to the increase in intracranial pressure. Nearby intracranial structures may also be affected (e.g. cranial nerves). Hence, clinicians will often perform examinations that test for cranial nerve function.

128
Q

what is the clicking sound from TMJ from

A
  • displacement of the articular disc within the TMJ
  • abnormal position relationship between the articular disc and the mandibular condyle, articular tubercle, and/or articular fossa
129
Q

5 treatment options for TMJ syndrome

A
  • physio to ease muscle pain
  • medication to reduce pain and inflammation
  • wearing a night guard or bit plate
  • braces or other dental work to correct a misaligned bite
  • surgery
130
Q

how many cranial nerves are there

131
Q

what does cranial nerve disorders affect

A

smell, taste, vision, sensation of the face, hearing, balance, speech, swallowing, muscles of the neck

132
Q

CN VI

A

abducens nerve

133
Q

CN VI abducens nerve

A
  • lateral rectus and medial rectus must be activated to maintain a forward gaze and an imbalance would cause the eye to drift to one side
134
Q

what innervates the lateral rectus of eye

A

CN VI abducens

135
Q

CN V

A

trigeminal nerve

136
Q

CN V- trigeminal nerve

A

carries general sensory information from the upper and lower jaw
- lower jaw is specifically the mandibular nerve

137
Q

CN VII

A

facial nerve

138
Q

CN VII - facial nerve

A

provides motor innervation to the muscles of the face / cuases expressions

139
Q

CN XII

A

hypoglassal nerve

140
Q

CN XII- hypoglassal nerve

A
  • controls the muscles of the tongue
  • if damaged moving tongue in and out as well as speaking or swallowing would be compromised
141
Q

CN VIII

A

vestibulocochlear nerve

142
Q

CN VIII- vestibulocochlear nerve

A
  • transmits information regarding sound and equilibrium
  • if damaged balance and hearing is impaired
143
Q

what is the automatic nervous system divided into

A

parasympathic and sympathetic

144
Q

parasympathetic ganglia (top to bottom in the figure)

A
  • ciliary
  • pterygopalatine
  • submandibular
  • otic ganglia
145
Q

what do the parasympathic ganglia receive

A

preganglionic fibers from oculomotor (CN III), facial (CN VII), and glossopharyngeal nerves (IX)

146
Q

otic ganglion

A
  • small ganglion
  • parasympathetic
  • functionally associated with the glossopharyngeal nerve and innervates the parotid gland
147
Q

the preganglionic parasympathetic fibers of the otic ganglion

A
  • leave the medulla oblongata of the brainstem as the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
148
Q

postganglionic parasympathetic fibers of the otic ganglion

A
  • join the auriculotemporal nerve
149
Q

auriculotemporal nerve

A

a branch of the mandibular division (V3) of the trigeminal nerve to innervate the parotid gland

150
Q

what would happen if the auriculotemporal nerve was damaged

A

the parasympathetic nerve fibers to the partoid gland may switch course to a sympathetic response resulting in ‘gustarory sweating” or sweating in the anticipation of eating, instead of the normal salivary response by the parotid gland (freys syndrome)

151
Q

freys syndrome

A

often results as a side effect of surgeries of or near the parotid gland
- diagnosed by having the individual eat and acidic lemon (should increase saliva) but if they have freys it will result in excessive sweating

152
Q

more about the ophthalmic artery

A
  • branch of the internal carotid artery
  • supplies eyes and forehead
153
Q

terminal branches of ophthalmic artery form?

A

extensive anastomoses with branches of the facial, maxillary, and superficial temporal arterteries all come from the external carotid artery

154
Q

the superficial temporal artery

A
  • arises from the external carotid artery in the parotid gland
  • ascends the side of the face and crosses over the zygomatic arch to supply the skin and muscles of the temple and scalp and parotid gland
155
Q

the facial artery

A
  • enters the face by passing over the lower border of the mandible, running in a tortuous course towards the medial angle of the eye
156
Q

what does the facial artery supply

A
  • superficial structures of the skin and face such as muscles of the face and mastication
157
Q

arteries that branch of the internal carotid artery that supply the face

A
  • ophthalmic artery
158
Q

arteries that branch of the external carotid artery that supply the face

A
  • superficial temporal artery
  • facial artery
159
Q

superficial temporal artery (STA) aneursym

A

is the bulging or weakening of an artery wall
- brought on my traumatic injury such as a blunt force to the head
- symptoms headaches because it supplies temple and scalp

160
Q

what is the main vein that drains the face

A

facial vein

161
Q

facial vein

A

travels alongside the facial artery and empties into the internal jugular vein

162
Q

how can infections spread through the facial vein

A
  • veins of the face do not contain valves, allowing blood to flow in either directions
  • thus the facial vein can be a conduit for infections to spread from the face intracranially to the cavernous sinuses
163
Q

what nerves could be affect by infection in the cavernous sinus

A

CN IV, CN VI, CN-V3

164
Q

what is the danger triangle

A
  • CN IV, CN VI, CN- v3
165
Q

lymph nodes of head and neck

A

superficial reing of nodes (collar nodes), superficial and deep cervical nodes

166
Q

The collar nodes

A

the name originates from the location of the traditional collar at the junction of the head and the neck.

167
Q

The superficial cervical nodes

A

found on the surface of the sternocleidomastoid (S C M ) muscle and are associated with the external jugular vein.

168
Q

The deep cervical nodes:

A

found deep to S C M and are closely related to the internal jugular vein.

169
Q

lymphatic system

A
  • network of organs, vessels and over 600 lymph nodes
170
Q

location of swollen lymph node

A
  • doesnt always indicate a issue
  • superficial lymph nodes such as those in head and neck signal the presense of common infections, autoimmune disorders, and even tumors
171
Q

all lymphatic drainage of head and neck

A

empties into the deep cervical nodes
- deep cervical nodes continue to drain into the right lymphatic duct and thoracic duct draining the right and left sides of the head