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ANAT380 > Module 06 - Upper Limb > Flashcards

Module 06 - Upper Limb Flashcards

1
Q

What is the glenohumeral joint?

A

It is a shoulder joint made from the large humeral head and the shallow glenoid cavity of the scapula

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2
Q

What is the acromioclavicular joint?

A

Shoulder joint made from the acromion of the scapula and the clavicle

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3
Q

What is the sternoclavicular joint?

A

Joint between the sternum and clavicle

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4
Q

What bones make the pectoral girdle?

A

Sternum, clavicle, scapula, and humerus

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5
Q

What are the 3 joints of the pectoral girdle?

A

Glenohumeral
Acromioclavicular
Sternoclavicular

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6
Q

What are the 4 ligaments of the pectoral girdle ?

A

Acromioclavicular ligament
Coracoacromial ligament
coracoclavicular ligament
glenohumeral ligaments

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7
Q

Location and function of the acromioclavicular ligament?

A 
Between acromion (of scapula) and clavicle
Reinforces the acromiclavicular joint and supports the superior surface of the shoulder
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8
Q

Location and function of the coracoacromial ligament?

A

Connects the acromion and coracoid process (both on scapula)

Forms a vault that prevents the displacement of the humeral head superiorly

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9
Q

Location and function of the coracoclavicular ligament?

A

Connects the coracoid process (scapula) and the clavicle

Main Stabilizer of the acromioclavicular joint, because it anchors the clavicle to the coracoid process of the scapula

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10
Q

Location and function of the glenohumeral ligaments?

A

Connects the humerus to the scapula
Stabilizes the glenohumeral joint, especially during the adduction of the arm
largest ligaments in the pectoral girdle + cannot be seen from a superior view

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11
Q

What type of joint is the glenohumeral joint?

A

Ball and socket joint

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12
Q

What provides the glenohumeral joint with extensive mobility? (2)

A

Poor fit of the articular surfaces

Loose fibrous capsules

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13
Q

What is the glenoid labrum + function?

A

Rim of fibrocartilage that deepens the glenoid cavity

Improves stability of the glenohumeral joint

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14
Q

What are the 4 muscles that make up the rotator cuff?

A

supraspinatus
infraspinatus
teres minor
subscrapularis

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15
Q

What is the function of the rotator cuff

A

stabilizes the shoulder joints, also called “dynamic ligaments”

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16
Q

What structure is also referred to dynamic ligaments?

A

rotator cuff

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17
Q

What muscle, that is not part of the rotator cuff, helps stabilize the joint?

A

the biceps brachii

Its long head attaches the to superior glenoid tubercle of the scapula

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18
Q

What are bursae?

A

fluid-filled (synovial fluid) sacs lined by synovial membranes that provide cushioning between bones, tendons, and muscles, and prevents friction between them

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19
Q

What is the function of the subacrominal bursa?

A

Protects supraspinatus muscle by:
Separating the surface of the supraspinatus tendon from the acromion, the coracoid, and the coraco-acromial ligrament superiorly

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20
Q

What is the function of the subdeltoid bursa?

A

Protects supraspinatus muscle by:

Separating the deep surface of the deltoid muscles from the shoulder joint

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21
Q

What is shoulder bursitis?

A

Inflammation and thickening of the bursae due to an increased amount of friction
Results from repetitive motion (ex: baseball pitcher)
Symptoms:
-excessive swelling in the region of the shoulder
- warmth at the site of inflammation
- pain with movement/pressure at the shoulder

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22
Q

What are scapulohumeral muscles?

A

Connect the humerus to the scapula and functions to stabilize the glenohumeral joint

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23
Q

What are the 2 scapulohumeral muscles? (in this class)

A

teres major

supraspinatus

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24
Q

Origin, insertion and action of teres major?

A

origin:
inferior part of the lateral border of the scapula
insertion:
medial lip of the intertubercular sulcus on the humerus
action:
extension and medial rotation of the humerus

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25
Q

Origin, insertion and action of supraspinatus?

A 
Origin: 
Superior part of the scapula
Insertion: 
Tubercle of the humerus
Action: 
Initiates abduction of the humerus
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26
Q

Describe the location of each rotator cuff muscle in relation to each other and the neighbouring bony structures

A

Supraspinatus
originate in the supraspinous fossa of the scapula, superior to the scapular spine
Infraspinatus
originates in the infraspinous fossa of the scapula, inferior to the scapula spine and superior to the teres minor
Subscapularis
originates in the subscapular fossa and is anterior to the other 3 rotator cuff muscles. It is inferior to the coracoid process
Teres minor
inferior most of the rotator cuff and posteriot to subscapularis

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27
Q

What is a supraspinatus tear and include causes and symptoms

A 
Rupture of the tendon near the site of insertion - fairly common due to this tendon being easily pinched or torn between greater tubercle of humerus and acromion of scapula
Causes: 
History of trauma, increased age, typically occur when lifting something heavy or lifting something heavy too quickly
Symptoms
- audible pop at time of injury
- rapid onset of shoulder pain
- swelling at shoulder
-reduced range of motion
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28
Q

What are the 3 muscles of the anterior compartment of the arm?

A

Biceps brachii
Brachialis
coracobrachialis

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29
Q

What is the function of the biceps brachii?

A

flexion of the forearm at the elbow

supination of the forearm

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30
Q

What is the function of the brachialis?

A

flexion of the forearm at the elbow

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31
Q

What is the function of the coracobrachialis?

A

flexes the arm at the glenohumeral joint

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32
Q

What is the muscle of the posterior compartment of the arm

A

Triceps brachii

33
Q

Describe the anatomy of the triceps brachii

A

3 heads:
- A long head from the infraglenoid tubercle of scapula
- Lateral and medial heads from the posterio surface of the humerus
All 3 heads insert at a common tendon, the triceps tendong, at the olecranon of the ulna

34
Q

What is the function of the triceps brachii

A

extension of the elbow

35
Q

What is triceps tendonitis?

A

Overuse injury resulting in inflammation and thickening of the triceps tendon at its insertion on the olecranon process

36
Q

What is the cubital fossa?

A

Triangular depression located on the anterior surface of the elbow joint (creux du coude)
Contains important neurovascular structures
analogous to the popliteal fossa

37
Q

What are the structures that make the borders of the cubital fossa?

A

Lateral: brachioradialis
Medial: Pronator teres
Superior: imaginary line between the humeral epicondyles

38
Q

What are the 3 main structures that pass through the cubital fossa?

A
  • tendon of the biceps brachii
  • brachial artery (which split into the ulnar and radial artery)
  • median nerve
39
Q

What causes the “Popeye deformity”?

A

Distal biceps tendon rupture

40
Q

What are the 3 joints of the elbow?

A

humeroradial joint
humeroulnar joint
superior (proximal) radioulnar joint

41
Q

What is the humeroradial joint?

A

joint between the capitulum of the humerus and concave head of the radisu

42
Q

What is the humeroulnar joint?

A

Joint between the trochlea of the humerus and trochlear notch of the ulna

43
Q

What is the superior (proximal) radioulnar joint?

A

Synovial joint between the head of the radiaus and the radial notch of the ulna.

44
Q

What is a lateral epicondylitis?

A

AKA tennis elbow, common overuse injury of the elbow region related to the extensor muscles of the forearm.
Tiny tears from overuse may occur at the tendinous origin
Most common tendon: extensor carpi radialis brevis

45
Q

What are the 2 joints of the forearm?

A

Proximal radioulnar joint

Distal radioulnar joint

46
Q

What are the 2 ligaments of the forearm?

A

annular ligament

interosseous membrane

47
Q

describe the anatomy and function of the annular ligament

A

Encircles the of the radius

Holds the radius against the radial notch of the ulna

48
Q

What is the interosseous membrane and what is its function?

A

Fibrous joint that spans the space between the ulna and radius
Divides the forearm into anterior and posterior compartments

49
Q

What is the distal radioulnar joint?

A

formed between the head of the ulna and the ulnar notch of the radius

50
Q

What is a radial head subluxation?

A

Aka nursemaid’s elbow, or pulled elbow.
Partial dislocation of the radioulnar joint
typically seen in young children

51
Q

What are the muscles in the anterior compartment of the forearm?

A 
Pronator teres
Flexor digitorum superficialis
Flexor digitorum profundus
Flexor pollicis longus
Pronator quadratus
52
Q

What is the most superficial muscle of the anterior compartment of the forearm?

A

Pronator teres

53
Q

What is the intermediate muscle of the anterior compartment of the forearm?

A

Flexor digitorum superficialis

54
Q

What are the 3 deep muscles of the anterior compartment of the forearm?

A
  • Flexor digitorum profundus
  • Flexor pollicis longus
  • Pronator quadratus
55
Q

What is pronator teres syndrome?

A

Repetitive pronation of the forearm (ex: using a screwdriver) may cause pronator teres hypertrophy, which can entrap the median nerve

  • pain in anterior forearm. along the path of the median nerve
  • significant weakness when flexing the wrist due to impaired moto innervation
  • numbness and tingling of the skin on the hand and first 4 digits
56
Q

What is the muscle of the posterior compartment of the forearm (superficial layer only for this class)

A

Extensor digitorum

extends digits and wrists

57
Q

What are the 8 bones of the wrist and how are they arranged?

A 
Lateral to medial**
Proximal row: 
scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform
Distal row: 
trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate
mnemonic
proximal: lateral to medial
distal: medial to lateral
In a clockwise manner 
So Long To Pinky, Here Comes The Thumb
58
Q

What are the 3 joints of the wrist?

A

Intercarpal joints
Midcarpal joints
Radiocarpal (wrist) joints

59
Q

Describe the intercarpal joints

A

Synovial plane joints between the carpal bones

Capable of slight gliding movements

60
Q

Describe the midcarpal joints

A

Continuous space between the proximal and distal rows of carpal bones
Capable of slight gliding movements

61
Q

Describe the radiocarpal (wrist) joint

A

Biaxial, synovial, ellipsoidal (condyloid) joint formed between the distal end of the radius and the proximal row of carpal bones, except pisiform
It functions in extension, flexion, abduction, adduction and circumduction

62
Q

What is the carpal tunnel?

A

Concavity formed by the anterior surface of the carpal bones (posterior border) and the flexor retinaculum (anterior border)

63
Q

What structures pass through the carpal tunnel?

A

Median Nerve
9 flexor tendons (4 flexor digitorum superficialis, 4 flexor digitorum profundus, and flexor pollicis longus) from the forearm to the hand

64
Q

What is the extensor retinaculum?

A

Broad ligamentous sheet located at the dorsal aspect of the wrist
Holds the tendons in place

65
Q

What are the hypothenar muscles of the hand?

A

Located on the medial anterior aspect of the hand

Responsible for the movement of the 5th digit

66
Q

What are the thenar muscles of the hand?

A

Located on the lateral anterior aspect of the hand (chubby base of the thumb)
Responsible for the movements of the thumb

67
Q

What are the 2 types of interosseous muscles of the hand?

A

Dorsal interossei

Palmar interossei

68
Q

What is the function of dorsal interossei muscles?

A

Finger abduction

69
Q

What is the function of palmar interossei muscles?

A

Finger adduction

70
Q

What is the flexor retinaculum?

A

Broad ligamentous sheet located on the anterior aspect of the wrist, forms the anterior border of the carpal tunnel

71
Q

Describe the superficial palmar arch

A

Ulnar artery passes superficial to the flexor retinaculum, entering the palm to form the superficial palmar arch - completed by the radial artery
Arch is located superficial to the long flexor tendons of the hand

72
Q

What is the function of the superficial palmar arch?

A

4 branches supply the medial three and a half fingers (vascular)

73
Q

Describe the deep palmar arch

A

Radial artery curves dorsally to enter the deep part of the palm as the deep palmar arch which is completed by the deep branch of the ulnar artery

74
Q

What is the function of the deep palmar arch

A

Vascular supply of the thumb and lateral aspect of the index

75
Q

What are the 3 nerves that innervate the hand?

A

Ulnar nerve
Radial nerve
median nerve

76
Q

What does the ulnar nerve innervate?

A

Cutaneous branches supply the medial third of both the palm and dorsum of the hand + palmar and dorsal surfaces of both the little finger and medial half of the ring finger

77
Q

What does the median nerve innervate in the hand?

A

Cutaneous innervation to the skin of the lateral 2 thirds of the palm, palmar surfaces of the lateral 3 &1/2 digits, and the dorsum of the distal halves of the same digits

78
Q

What does the radial nerve innervate?

A

Superficial brand passes from anterolateral aspect of forearm to dorsum of the hand - giving cutaneous branches tot he lateral 2/3 of the dorsal surface of the hand and to the dorsal surface of the lateral 3&1/2 digits over the proximal phalanges

79
Q

What is hypothenar hammer syndrome?

A

Trauma to the palmar portion of the ulnar artery may occur with repetitive movements or physical trauma to the hypothenar region (like hammering)
Compresses the ulnar artery
Ischemia, discolouration, paresthesia, and temperature sensitivity of the digits 2-5

ANAT380 (6 decks)

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