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ANAT380 > Module 05 - Back and Axila > Flashcards

Module 05 - Back and Axila Flashcards

1
Q

What is the sacrum

A

Large bone located at the terminal part of the vertebral column where it form the posterior aspect of the bony pelvis

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2
Q

Why is the sacrum remarkably thick?

A

It aids in supporting and transmitting the weight of the body

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3
Q

What is the sacrum composed of?

A

the 5 fused sacral vertebrae

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4
Q

What does the sacrum articulate with?

A

The fifth lumbar vertebra (L5) at its base

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5
Q

What is the sacral canal?

A

continuation of the vertebral canal terminating at the sacral hiatus

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6
Q

What are the sacral foramina?

A

There are 4, located lateral to the fused sacral bodies on both the anterior and posterior surface. The foramina decreased in size as you go inferior. (Most superior is the largest)

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7
Q

What are the sacral cornua?

A

there are 2, they are bony processes and are palpated by clinicians as an anatomical landmark when administering injections into the sacral hiatus

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8
Q

What is the promontory?

A

It the anterior face of the sacrum. It articulates superiorly with the L5 vertebral body. It projects forward and functions to decrease the anteroposterior diameter of the pelvic brim

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9
Q

Why is the sacral promontory of considerable obstetric importance?

A

Used when measuring the size of the pelvis

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10
Q

What is the coccyx?

A

It is made of four fused rudimentary coccygeal vertebrae. It articulates with the sacrum superiorly at the sacrococcygeal joint.
Much smaller in size than the sacrum
serves as an attachment site for ligaments and muscles, such as the muscles of the pelvic floor
A small and variable amount of flexion and extension occurs at the sacrococcygeal joint, especially when sitting

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11
Q

What is the sacrococcygeal joint?

A

Joints that articulate the sacrum and coccyx

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12
Q

What movements is the sacrococcygeal joint capable of?

A

Small and variable amount of flexion and extension
Neutral in standing position
Flexion (towards the body) when sitting

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13
Q

Moving superior to inferior down the vertebral column, the noticeable trends of the vertebrae are:

A

Vertebral body size increases

Vertebral Foramen size decreases

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14
Q

Why does the size of the vertebral body increases when moving superior to inferior down the vertebral column?

A

To support increasing weight

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15
Q

Why does the size of the vertebral foramen decreases when moving superior to inferior down the vertebral column?

A

To support the spinal cord diameter decreasing as spinal nerves exit to their respective regions of the body

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16
Q

What are accessory ligaments of the vertebral column and what is their function?

A

Strong fibrous bands of tissue that stabilize the vertebral column and protect the intervertebral discs
Involved in movements of flexion and extension of the back

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17
Q

What are the 3 major accessory ligaments of the vertebral column?

A

Ligamentum flavum
Anterior Longitudinal ligament
Posterior longitudinal ligament

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18
Q

What is lumbar stenosis?

A

Narrowing of the vertebral canal in the lumbar region
May be caused by calcification of the ligamentum flavum or bone outgrowth
It compresses the spinal cord which can cause numbness and weakness in the lower limb

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19
Q

What are the 5 extrinsic muscles of the back?

A 
Latissimus dorsi
Trapezium
Rhomboid minor
Levator scapulae
Rhomboid major
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20
Q

Describe the location and anatomy of the latissimus dorsi

A

Broad, triangular-shaped extrinsic muscle of the back. It covers the lumbar region and inferior portion of the thoracic cage.
It has multiple points of origin and, as such, has varying muscle fiber directions
it inserts at the intertubercular sulcus (bicipital groove) of the humerus

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21
Q

What is one of the largest point of origin of the latissimus dorsi (for this course)?

A

Thoracolumbar fascia

broad fascial sheath

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22
Q

What is the function of the latissimus dorsi?

A

Extends, adducts and medially rotates the arm

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23
Q

What is the function of the erector spinae muscles?

A

Extending (straightening) the vertebral column

24
Q

What are the 3 muscles of the erector spinae?

A

Iliocostalis (most lateral)
Longissimus (middle)
Spinalis (most medial)

25
Q

Which erector spinae muscle is the longest and widest?

A

iliocostalis

26
Q

What are the 3 divisions of the iliocostalis

A

Cervicis
thoracis
lumborum

27
Q

Where would you feel the pain from a iliocostalis lumborum strain?

A

sacroiliac region (lumbar spine to top of buttocks)

28
Q

Where would you feel the pain from a iliocostalis thoracis strain?

A

Along the medial border of the scapula and posterior thorax.
Referred pain can affect the anterior thorax if the strain muscle irritates underlying intercostal nerves

29
Q

What is the axilla?

A

aka armpit
Pyramidal shaped space between the upper thorax and arm.
Passage way for major nerves and blood vessels to enter the upper limb

30
Q

What are the borders of the axilla? (6)

A 
Anterior wall: 
Pectoralis major
Posterior wall: 
Subscapularis, latissimus dorsi, and teres major
Medial wall: 
Serratus anterior
Lateral wall:
Intertubercular sulcus of the humerus
Apex:
Base of neck
Base: 
Skin
31
Q

Which lymph nodes are located in the axilla?

A

Axillary lymph nodes

32
Q

What is the brachial plexus?

A

Network of nerves that supplies motor and sensory innervation to the upper limb
Begins in the neck, passes through the axilla, and runs through the entire upper limbs

33
Q

What are the 5 parts of the brachial plexus?

A 
Roots
Trunks 
Divisions
Cords 
Branches
34
Q

What are the roots of the brachial plexus?

A

Formed from the ventral rami of spinal nerves C5-T1

5 spinal nerves exits through the intervertebral foramen

35
Q

What are the trunks of the brachial plexus?

A

5 spinal nerves convert into 3 trunks

Superior, middle and inferior

36
Q

What are the divisions of the brachial plexus?

A

3 trunks EACH divide into 6 divisions

3 anterior and 3 posterior

37
Q

What are the cords of the brachial plexus

A

Once the anterior and posterior division have entered the axilla they combine together to form 3 cords
name by their position relative to axillary artery

38
Q

What are the five nerve branches of the brachial plexus?

A

The 3 cords give rise to 5 major terminal nerve branches

  • musculocutaneous nerve
  • Axillary nerve
  • Median nerve
  • Radial nerve
  • Ulnar nerve
39
Q

What is the general function of the musculocutaneous nerve?

A

Motor innervation of the anterior compartment (flexion) of the arm

40
Q

What is the general function of the axillary nerve?

A

Motor innervation to the deltoid (abduction of arm), and teres minor (lateral rotation of arm)

41
Q

What is the general function of the median nerve?

A

Motor innervation of the anterior compartment (flexion) of the forearm, as well as some intrinsic muscles of the hand

42
Q

What is the general function of the Radial nerve?

A

Motor innervation of the posterior compartment extension of the arm and forearm

43
Q

What is the general function of the ulnar nerve?

A

Motor innervation of the anterior compartment (flexion0 of the forearm as well as some intrinsic muscles of the hand

44
Q

Which branch(es) of the brachial plexus ONLY innervate muscles of the posterior compartment of the arm and forearm?

A

Radial nerve

45
Q

What artery is the preferred pulse point at the wrist?

A

radial artery

46
Q

What is the artery supply “pathway” of the upper limb, start at the aorta?

A 
Aorta
subclavian artery
axillary artery
brachial artery (splits in 2)
Radial & Ulnar arteries
47
Q

What are the 7 veins of the upper limb?

A 
Radial vein
Ulnar Vein
Cephalic Vein
Basilic Vein
Median Cubital Vein
Brachial Vein
Axillary Vein
48
Q

Which vein does the axillary vein drains into?

A

subclavian vein

49
Q

What is the function of the Radial vein?

A

Drains blood from deep structure of the palm and lateral aspect of the forearm

50
Q

What is the function of the Ulnar vein?

A

Drain blood from deep structures of the palm and median aspect of the forearm

51
Q

What is the function of the Basilic vein?

A

Long vein that carries blood from the brachial vein and superficial structures of the hand and travels medially to drain into axillary vein

52
Q

What is the function of the Cephalic vein?

A

Long vein that drains blood from superficial structures of the hand. It ascends the arm laterally to drain into the axillary vein

53
Q

What is the function of the brachial vein?

A

Receives blood from radial and ulnar vein. It also has small tributaries that carry blood form the biceps and triceps brachii. It drain directly into the basilic vein

54
Q

What is the function of the median cubital vein?

A

Located within the cubital fossa, this vein connects the basilic and cephalic veins.
It is often the site of venipuncture for drawing blood

55
Q

Which upper limb vein is often the site of venipuncture for drawing blood?

A

median cubital vein

56
Q

What is the function of the Axillary vein?

A

Large vein is formed by the brachial, basilic, and cephalic veins. Tributaries of this vein drain the thorac and axilla. It becomes the subclavian vein

ANAT380 (6 decks)

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