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Microbiology and Parasitology > Module 04: Cell Structure and Taxonomy > Flashcards

Module 04: Cell Structure and Taxonomy Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

This is the fundamental unit of any living organism because it exhibits the basic characteristics of life.

A

Cells

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2
Q

What are the two (2) categories of cells?

A

(1) Prokaryotic
(2) Eukaryotic

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3
Q

What are some microbes that are heeded to be prokaryotes?

A

Bacteria and Archaea Cyanobacteria

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4
Q

What are some microbes that are heeded to be eukaryotes?

A

Algae, Protozoa and Fungi

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5
Q

What are some microbes not composed of cells?

A

Virus Prions and Viroid

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6
Q

What is a true nucleus?

A

It consists of
(1) Nucleoplasm
(2) Chromosomes
(3) Nuclear membrane

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6
Q

What is the difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells in terms of nucleus?

A

Eukaryotic cells contain a “true” nucleus, whereas prokaryotic cells do not.

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7
Q

What is the difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells in terms of organelles?

A

Eukaryotic cells possess a complex system of membranes and membrane-bound organelles, whereas prokaryotic cells do not.

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8
Q

These have have selective permeability, allowing only certain substances to pass through them.

A

Cell Membrane (found in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells)

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9
Q

This is the command center of the cell.

A

Nucleus

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10
Q

What are the components of the nucleus?

A

(1) Nucleoplasm
(2) Chromosomes
(3) Nuclear membrane

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11
Q

Where are chromosomes embedded?

A

Nucleoplasm

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12
Q

This consist of linear DNA molecules and proteins.

A

Chromosomes

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13
Q

These are located in the chromosomes. Each of this contains the information to produce one or more gene products (usually proteins).

A

Genes

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14
Q

An organism’s complete collection of genes is referred to as its ___________.

A

Genotype or genome.

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15
Q

Although most genes code for proteins, some code for two types of ribonucleic acid (RNA) namely:

A

(1) Ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA)
(2) Transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA)

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16
Q

What are the characteristics of a particular species of an organism?

A

(1) Number and composition of chromosomes
(2) Number of genes on each chromosomes

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17
Q

Humans diploid cells have how many chromosomes?

A

46 chromosomes or 23 pairs

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18
Q

How many genes does one genome approximately have?

A

20,000 to 25,000 genes

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19
Q

This is a semifluid, gelatinous, nutrient matrix that contains storage granules and a variety of organelles.

A

Cytoplasm

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20
Q

Which reactions occur in the cytoplasm?

A

Metabolic reactions

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21
Q

This is a a highly convoluted system of membranes arranged to form a transport network in the cytoplasm

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

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22
Q

What is the difference between the rough ER and smooth ER?

A

Rough ER has ribosomes attached to it, whereas smooth ER does not

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23
Q

This is known as the site for protein synthesis.

A

Ribosomes

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24
Q

What do ribosomes contain ?

A

(1) Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
(2) Proteins

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25
Q

This connects and communicates with the endoplasmic reticulum. This completes the transformation of newly synthesized proteins and packages them for storage or export

A

Golgi complex or Golgi Apparatus (Golgi Body)

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26
Q

These contain lysozyme and other
digestive enzymes

A

Lysosomes

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27
Q

Where do lysosomes originate?

A

Golgi complex or Golgi Apparatus (Golgi Body)

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28
Q

These are membrane-bound vesicles where H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide) is generated and broken down

A

Peroxisomes

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29
Q

These are known as power plants powerhouses or energy factories where a number of this vary depending on the activities of the cell.

A

Mitochondria

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30
Q

ATP molecules are produced within mitochondria by _____________.

A

Cellular Respiration

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31
Q

These are membrane-bound structures containing photosynthetic pigments

A

Plastids

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32
Q

Plastids are a site of?

A

Photosynthesis

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33
Q

These are examples of plastids that contain chlorophyll.

A

Chloroplasts

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34
Q

This is a system of fibers in the cytoplasm.

A

Cytoskeleton

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35
Q

What are three (3) types of fibers in the cytoskeleton?

A

(1) Microtubules
(2) Microfilaments
(3) Intermediate filaments

(Microtubules and microfilaments are essential for a variety of activities)

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36
Q

These are external structure to provide shape, protection, and rigidity.

A

Cell Wall (Some eukaryotic cells
contain cell walls)

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37
Q

These are found in the cell wall of fungi.

A

Chitin

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38
Q

These are found in the cell walls of algae and plants.

A

Cellulose

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39
Q

Cell walls are present in?

A

(1) Plants
(2) Algae
(3) Fungi
(4) Most Bacteria

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40
Q

Cell walls are absent in?

A

(1) Animals
(2) Protozoa
(3) Mycoplasma species

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41
Q

Flagella and cilia contain?

A

Microtubules

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42
Q

Some eukaryotic cells possess long, thin, whiplike organelles of locomotion called __________.

A

Flagella

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43
Q

What are some examples of eukaryotic organisms that have flagella?

A

(1) Spermatozoa
(2) Protozoa

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44
Q

Flagellated cells may contain how many flagella?

A

One or more

45
Q

These are shorter, thinner, and more numerous than flagella, and described as being “hair-like.

A

Cilia

46
Q

What are some examples of eukaryotic organisms that have cilia?

A

(1) Some species of protozoa
(2) Ciliated epithelial cells in our respiratory tract

47
Q

Cross sections of cilia showing the _________________.

A

9 + 2 arrangement of microtubules.

48
Q

How are prokaryotes and eukaryotes compared in size?

A

Prokaryotic cells are about 10 times smaller than eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells are simple compared to eukaryotic cells.

49
Q

Prokaryotic cells reproduce through?

A

Binary fission

50
Q

What is the difference of the cytoplasm of prokaryotic from eukaryotic cells?

A

Unlike eukaryotic cells, the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells is not filled with internal membranes.

The cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells is surrounded by a cell membrane, a cell wall (usually), and sometimes a
capsule or slime layer

51
Q

In prokaryotic cells, this is a selectively permeable barrier. Many enzymes are attached to this where metabolic reactions take place

A

Cell membrane

52
Q

In prokaryotic cells, this usually consists of a single, long, supercoiled, circular DNA molecule and serves as the control center of the cell

A

Chromosomes

53
Q

In prokaryotic cells, these are small, circular molecules of DNA that are not part of the chromosome (extrachromosomal)

A

Plasmids

54
Q

In prokaryotic cells, this is a semiliquid that consists of water, enzymes, waste products, nutrients, proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids materials required for metabolic functions

A

Cytoplasm

55
Q

These are cytoplasmic particles that occur in clusters

A

Ribosomes

56
Q

What is the function of the ribosomes?

A

Protein synthesis

57
Q

A rigid exterior that defines the shape of bacterial cells, chemically complex

A

Bacterial cell wall

58
Q

What is the primary constituent of bacterial cell wall?

A

Peptidoglycan (found only in bacteria)

59
Q

This bacteria has a thick layer of peptidoglycan.

A

Gram positive bacteria

60
Q

This bacteria has a thin layer of peptidoglycan.

A

Gram negative bacteria

61
Q

These do not have cell walls; they are pleomorphic.

A

Mycoplasma species

62
Q

What are the three (3) components of peptidoglycan?

A

(1) N-acetyl glucosamine
(2) N-acetyl muramic acid
(3) Cross linked peptide

63
Q

This is a a slimy, gelatinous material produced by the cell membrane and secreted outside the cell wall.

A

Glycocalyx (slimy layers and capsule)

64
Q

What are the two (2) types of glycocalyx?

A

(1) Slimy layer
(2) Capsule

65
Q

This glycocalyx is loosely connected to the cell wall.

A

Slimy layer

66
Q

This glycocalyx is highly organized and firmly connected to the cell wall.

A

Capsule

67
Q

These produce a slime layer.

A

Pseudomonas

68
Q

These possess a capsule, which serves an antiphagocytic function.

A

(1) Klebsiella pneumoniae,
(2) Neisseria meningitidis, and
(3) Streptococcus pneumoniae

69
Q

These are bacteria that possess flagella.

A

Motile bacteria

70
Q

These are whiplike appendages composed of threads of protein called flagellin.

A

Flagella

71
Q

The flagella are whiplike appendages composed of threads of protein called ___________.

A

Flagellin

72
Q

This species have flagella over entire surface

A

Peritrichous bacteria

73
Q

This species have tuft of flagella at one end

A

Lophotrichous bacteria

74
Q

This species have one or more flagella at both ends

A

Amphitrichous bacteria

75
Q

This species have single polar flagellum

A

Monotrichous bacteria

76
Q

These are hair like structures, most often observed on Gram-negative bacteria.

A

Fimbriae and Pili

77
Q

Fimbriae and Pili are composed of a polymerized protein molecules called ________.

A

Pilin

78
Q

How are Fimbriae and Pili different from flagella?

A

Fimbriae and pili are thinner than flagella, have a rigid structure, and are not associated with motility.

79
Q

What is the function of Fimbriae and Pili?

A

They enable bacteria to anchor themselves to surfaces

80
Q

Some bacteria possess a ________ for conjugation.

A

sex pilus

81
Q

These are capable of forming thick-walled spores as a means of survival.

A

(1) Bacillus
(2) Clostridium

82
Q

This is known as the process of spore formation; this is not necessarily reproduction.

A

Sporulation

83
Q

These have been shown to survive for many years and are resistant to heat, cold, drying, and most chemicals

A

Spores

84
Q

Usually one spore is produced in a bacterial cell, which generates into one _______________.

A

vegetative bacterium

85
Q

Endospores can be visualized using a ___________.

A

spore stain

86
Q

What is the difference between the cell membrane of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?

A

Eukaryotic cells contain membranous structures and many membrane bound organelles; most prokaryotic cells possess no membranes other than the cell membrane that encloses the cytoplasm.

87
Q

This is the process by which prokaryotic cells reproduce. In this, one cell splits in half to become two daughter cells.

A

Binary fission

88
Q

What happens before a prokaryotic cell divides in half?

A

Before a prokaryotic cell divides in half, the chromosome must be duplicated

89
Q

This is the time it takes for binary fission to occur

A

Generation time (varies from one species to another and depends on growth conditions_

90
Q

What is the generation time of Escherichia coli?

A

Escherichia coli has a generation time of about 20 minutes

91
Q

This is the science of classification of living organisms.

A

Taxonomy

92
Q

Taxonomy consists of what?

A

(1) Classification
(2) Nomenclature
(3) Identification

93
Q

This is the arrangement of organisms into taxonomic groups (known as taxa).

A

Classification

94
Q

What is the sequence of Taxa?

A

“King David Came Over for Good Spaghetti”
(1) K for Kingdom,
(2) D for Division,
(3) C for Class,
(4) O for Order,
(5) F for Family,
(6) G for Genus, and
(7) S for species

95
Q

The science of taxonomy was established based on the _________.

A

Binomial system of nomenclature.

96
Q

What composes the binomial system of nomenclature?

A

(1) Genus
(2) Epithet

97
Q

How is the genus abbreviated?

A

single capital letter

98
Q

What does the abbreviation “sp” mean?

A

Single species

99
Q

What does the abbreviation “spp” mean?

A

More than one species

100
Q

What are the five kingdom system of classification?

A
  1. Bacteria and archaea—Kingdom Prokaryotae
  2. Algae and protozoa—Kingdom Protista
  3. Fungi—Kingdom Fungi
  4. Plants—Kingdom Plantae
  5. Animals—Kingdom Animalia
101
Q

Why are viruses not included in the five kingdom system of classification?

A

Viruses are not included because they are acellular.

102
Q

What is the three domain system of classification?

A
  1. Archaea (prokaryotic)
  2. Bacteria (prokaryotic)
  3. Eucarya (all eukaryotic organisms)
103
Q

The three domain system of classification is based on what?

A

The Three-Domain System is based on differences in the structure of certain ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecules among organisms in the three domains.

104
Q

The most widely used technique for gauging diversity or “relatedness” of organisms is called _______________.

A

rRNA sequencing

105
Q

Ribosomes are composed of two subunits namely:

A

(1) Small subunit
(2) Large subunit

106
Q

This subunit is composed of only one rRNA molecule

A

Small subunit

107
Q

The small subunit is coded by a gene called ________ in prokaryotes

A

16s rRNA

108
Q

The small subunit is coded by a gene called ________ in eukaryotes

A

18s rRNA

109
Q

How do you determine the relatedness among organisms?

A

To determine how closely related one prokaryotic organism is to another, scientists compare the sequence of nucleotide base pairs in the 16S rRNA gene from one of the organisms with the sequence of base pairs in the16S rRNA gene from the other organism.

The more similar the sequence of base pairs, the more closely related are the organisms.

Microbiology and Parasitology (9 decks)

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