Module 01: Introduction to Microbiology Flashcards
These are delineated as small organisms that can be located almost everywhere on earth in great quantities. Most are so minute; hence, they cannot be perceived by the naked eye.
Microorganisms or microbes
How are microorganisms or microbes characterized in humans?
Most microbes are not dangerous to humans and many can also pose many of benefits on or inside the physiology of the human body.
How are microorganisms characterized in ecosystems?
They can be perceived everywhere. They serve as the backbone of disparate food webs; they can also be utilized for biofuels, medicine and food.
What are the different types of microbes?
(1) Normal Flora
(2) Opportunistic Pathogens
(3) Pathogens
What are the three (3) symbiotic microbe-host relationships?
(1) Mutualism
(2) Commensalism
(3) Parasitism
What are the benefits of normal flora to the bacteria?
They have a place to digest (eat), survive and multiply with the aid of their host.
What are the benefits of normal flora to the human?
Bacteria may produce vitamins such as B and K, and break (digest) the food consumed that the host cannot normally digest.
How does the normal flora protect the host against the detriment or infection posed by pathogenic organisms?
(1) They take up space, so the pathogen has nowhere to set up shop
(2) May out-compete the invader for available nutrients
(3) May generate anti-bacterial chemicals such as bacteriocins
(4) Long term relationship with the human immune system
In this symbiotic microbe-host relationship, one partner of the relationship while the other neither benefits nor is harmed.
Commensalism
In this symbiotic microbe-host relationship, there are detrimental pathogens that can harm their host wherein cost to the host can vary from slight to fatal.
Parasitism
Under parasitism, these are external parasites that can cause INFESTATION.
Ectoparasite
Under parasitism, these are internal parasites that can cause INFECTION.
Endoparasite
What are the clinical symptoms of a patient with Streptococcus pyogenes?
(1) Strep throat
(2) Post partum fever
(3) Pneumonia
(4) Necrotizing fasciitis
This is a pathogen that can cause strep throat, post partum fever, pneumonia and necrotizing fasciitis.
Streptococcus pyogenes
When as the Alcanivorax borkumensis discovered?
A veterinarian gets ready to clean a sea turtle covered in oil following the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico in 2010.
This is the naturally occurring oil-eating marine bacterium, which helps get rid of the oil.
Alcanivorax borkumensis
Which organization generated the discovery that Alcanivorax borkumensis can be efficient in cleaning up future spills?
NOAA’s National Ocean Service
This is the yeast responsible for making bread rise.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Explain the mechanism of the rising of the bread with the aid of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
The cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolize the carbohydrates (starch) in the flour and generate carbon dioxide, which causes the bread to rise.
This is known as the 5,300 year old mummy found in the Swiss Alps.
Otzi the Iceman
Otzi the Iceman was infected by what detrimental parasites?
(1) Trichuris trichiura(whipworm)
(2) Borrelia burgdorferi
With the detrimental parasites located in Otzi the Iceman, what were the diseases perceived during the examination?
(1) Trichuris trichiura(whipworm) causing him to have abdominal pain and anemia
(2) Borrelia burgdorferi, a bacterium that causes Lyme disease
This is known as the bacterium that causes Lyme disease.
Borrelia burgdorferi
What were used to treat his Trichuris trichiura(whipworm) and Borrelia burgdorferi infections?
the woody fruit of the Piptoporus betulinus fungus tied in his belongings, which was known for its laxative and antibiotic properties
This is known as the woody fruit known for its laxative and antibiotic properties.
Piptoporus betulinus fungus
What other analysis was perceived by the scientists as another treatment performed in the mummy’s body?
Ötziwas also covered in tattoos that were made by cutting incisions into his skin, filling them with herbs, and then burning the herbs.
This is known as the Black Plague or the Black death.
Bubonic Plague
What was known as the physician’s protection from the bubonic plague or the black plague?
Doctor beak from Roman Engraving (1656 Physician Attire)
The bubonic plague was caused by what bacteria?
bacteria Yersenia pestis from the bite of the flea (may cause plausible inflammation of the lymph nodes)
How many deaths or casualties were recorded from the several pandemics of plague that have transpired throughout human history?
50 million deaths between years 1346 –50
How did the Bubonic plague impact the population of Europe?
Nearly 1/2 of Europe perished in this plague
He is delineated as the ‘“Father of Western medicine,” due to his belief that diseases had natural, not supernatural, causes.
Hippocrates
He is known as the “Father of Scientific History,” wherein he observed that survivors of the Athenian plague were subsequently immune to the infection.
Thucydides
He proposed the theory that disease could be caused by “certain minute creatures . . . which cannot be seen by the eye.” (viral pathogens or particulars)
Marcus Terentius Varro
This idea conveyed that living things could be generated or fostered by non-living things due to the prevalent discovery of maggots being naturally formed from rotting meat.
Spontaneous Generation, Aristotelian Idea
He was the first scientist who refuted the Aristotelian idea from the Spontaneous Generation.
Francesco Redi
How did Francesco Redi disprove the Spontaneous Generation, Aristotelian Idea?
To test the hypothesis, Francesco Redi placed fresh meat in open containers [left, above]. As expected, the rotting meat attracted flies, and the meat was soon swarming with maggots, which hatched into flies [left, below]. When the jars were tightly covered so that flies could not get in [middle, above], no maggots were produced [middle, below].
To answer the objection that the cover cut off fresh air necessary for spontaneous generation, Redi covered the jars with several layers of porous gauze [right, above] instead of an air-tight cover. Flies were attracted to the smell of the rotting meat, clustered on the gauze, which was soon swarming with maggots, but the meat itself remained free of maggots [right, below]. Thus flies are necessary to produce flies: they do not arise spontaneously from rotting meat.
Who discovered cells?
Robert Hooke
(While looking at cork, Hooke observed box-shaped structures, which he called “cells” as they reminded him of the cells, or rooms, in monasteries. This discovery led to the development of the classical cell theory.)
What year did Robert Hooke made the novel discovery of cells?
1665
Who were the proponents of the cell theory?
(1) Matthias Schleiden,
(2) Theodor Schwann, and
(3) Rudolf Virchow.
What were the three (3) principles of the cell theory?
(1) All living organisms are composed of one or more cells.
(2) A cell is the basic structural and functional unit of living organisms.
(3) All cells arise from pre-existing cells.
This is unifying concept in biology that originated from the proponents Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann during 1838-1839.
Cell Theory
Who proposed the principle that states that “ All living organisms are composed of one or more cells.”
(1) German botanist Matthias Schleiden in 1838
(2) German zoologist Theodor Schwann in 1839
Who proposed the principle that states that “All cells arise from pre-existing cells.?”
German physician Rudolph Virchow in 1850’s
He was the first to perceive bacteria and protozoa under the microscope and was also the novel inventor of the compound microscope, which increased the problem of chromatic aberration.
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek,
in In 1674, Leeuwenhoek likely observed protozoa for the first time and several years later bacteria, which he was able to isolate from different sources, such as rainwater, pond and well water, and the human mouth and intestine. He called them ___________.
animalcules
He isolated the agents of cholera, anthrax and tuberculosis.
Robert Koch
He generated salient techniques in microbiology by cultivating microbes with agar.
Robert Koch
What theory did Robert Koch support?
He supported the germ theory of disease which states that microorganisms are the cause of myriad diseases using Koch’s postulates.
What were the postulates of Robert Koch in layman’s terms?
(1) The suspected germ must be present in every case of the disease.
(2) The germ must be isolated and grown in pure culture,
(3) The cultured germ must cause the disease when it is inoculated into a healthy, susceptible experimental host (animal or plant).
(4) The same germs must be re-isolated from the diseased experimental host .
He was known as the Father of Bacteriology.
Louis Pasteur
He demonstrated pivotal aseptic techniques (techniques that prevent contamination by unwanted microorganisms).
Louis Pasteur
What did Louis Pasteur believe in?
He showed that microbes can be present in nonliving matter – on solids, in liquids, and in the air, which prodded the generation of different aseptic techniques.
This is a heat-treatment process or sterilization technique proposed by Louis Pasteur that destroys pathogenic microorganisms in certain foods and beverages.
Pasteurization (In this, fermentation of wine and beer could be prevented by heating the beverages to about 57 °C (135 °F) for a few minutes.)
What temperature is entailed to pasteurize milk?
Requires temperatures of about 63 °C (145 °F) maintained for 30 minutes or, alternatively, heating to a higher temperature, 72 °C (162 °F)
What fact does the experiment of Louis Pasteur illustrate?
Louis Pasteur’s pasteurization experiment illustrates the fact that the spoilage of liquid was caused by particles in the air rather than the air itself. These experiments were important pieces of evidence supporting the germ theory of disease.
How did Louis Pasteur conduct his experiment?
(1) Heat Applied - Let the Flask Sit (Constricted) (No bacteria present)
(2) Heat Applied - Remove the neck and let the flask sit (Bacteria present - no longer constricted - exposed to microbes)
(3) Heat Applied - Tilt the flask sideways and let it sit (Bacteria present)
He is known as the Father of Antiseptic Surgery.
Joseph Lister
Why was Joseph Lister hailed as the Father of Antiseptic Surgery?
He reduced infections after surgery by spraying carbolic acid or phenol over the patient before bandaging the wound.
He is conferred as the Father of Immunology due to his novel discovery and invention of the first vaccine against the small pox.
Edward Jenner
