Module 01: Introduction to Microbiology Flashcards
These are delineated as small organisms that can be located almost everywhere on earth in great quantities. Most are so minute; hence, they cannot be perceived by the naked eye.
Microorganisms or microbes
How are microorganisms or microbes characterized in humans?
Most microbes are not dangerous to humans and many can also pose many of benefits on or inside the physiology of the human body.
How are microorganisms characterized in ecosystems?
They can be perceived everywhere. They serve as the backbone of disparate food webs; they can also be utilized for biofuels, medicine and food.
What are the different types of microbes?
(1) Normal Flora
(2) Opportunistic Pathogens
(3) Pathogens
What are the three (3) symbiotic microbe-host relationships?
(1) Mutualism
(2) Commensalism
(3) Parasitism
What are the benefits of normal flora to the bacteria?
They have a place to digest (eat), survive and multiply with the aid of their host.
What are the benefits of normal flora to the human?
Bacteria may produce vitamins such as B and K, and break (digest) the food consumed that the host cannot normally digest.
How does the normal flora protect the host against the detriment or infection posed by pathogenic organisms?
(1) They take up space, so the pathogen has nowhere to set up shop
(2) May out-compete the invader for available nutrients
(3) May generate anti-bacterial chemicals such as bacteriocins
(4) Long term relationship with the human immune system
In this symbiotic microbe-host relationship, one partner of the relationship while the other neither benefits nor is harmed.
Commensalism
In this symbiotic microbe-host relationship, there are detrimental pathogens that can harm their host wherein cost to the host can vary from slight to fatal.
Parasitism
Under parasitism, these are external parasites that can cause INFESTATION.
Ectoparasite
Under parasitism, these are internal parasites that can cause INFECTION.
Endoparasite
What are the clinical symptoms of a patient with Streptococcus pyogenes?
(1) Strep throat
(2) Post partum fever
(3) Pneumonia
(4) Necrotizing fasciitis
This is a pathogen that can cause strep throat, post partum fever, pneumonia and necrotizing fasciitis.
Streptococcus pyogenes
When as the Alcanivorax borkumensis discovered?
A veterinarian gets ready to clean a sea turtle covered in oil following the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico in 2010.
This is the naturally occurring oil-eating marine bacterium, which helps get rid of the oil.
Alcanivorax borkumensis
Which organization generated the discovery that Alcanivorax borkumensis can be efficient in cleaning up future spills?
NOAA’s National Ocean Service
This is the yeast responsible for making bread rise.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Explain the mechanism of the rising of the bread with the aid of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
The cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolize the carbohydrates (starch) in the flour and generate carbon dioxide, which causes the bread to rise.
This is known as the 5,300 year old mummy found in the Swiss Alps.
Otzi the Iceman
Otzi the Iceman was infected by what detrimental parasites?
(1) Trichuris trichiura(whipworm)
(2) Borrelia burgdorferi
With the detrimental parasites located in Otzi the Iceman, what were the diseases perceived during the examination?
(1) Trichuris trichiura(whipworm) causing him to have abdominal pain and anemia
(2) Borrelia burgdorferi, a bacterium that causes Lyme disease
This is known as the bacterium that causes Lyme disease.
Borrelia burgdorferi
What were used to treat his Trichuris trichiura(whipworm) and Borrelia burgdorferi infections?
the woody fruit of the Piptoporus betulinus fungus tied in his belongings, which was known for its laxative and antibiotic properties
This is known as the woody fruit known for its laxative and antibiotic properties.
Piptoporus betulinus fungus
What other analysis was perceived by the scientists as another treatment performed in the mummy’s body?
Ötziwas also covered in tattoos that were made by cutting incisions into his skin, filling them with herbs, and then burning the herbs.
This is known as the Black Plague or the Black death.
Bubonic Plague
What was known as the physician’s protection from the bubonic plague or the black plague?
Doctor beak from Roman Engraving (1656 Physician Attire)
The bubonic plague was caused by what bacteria?
bacteria Yersenia pestis from the bite of the flea (may cause plausible inflammation of the lymph nodes)
How many deaths or casualties were recorded from the several pandemics of plague that have transpired throughout human history?
50 million deaths between years 1346 –50
How did the Bubonic plague impact the population of Europe?
Nearly 1/2 of Europe perished in this plague
He is delineated as the ‘“Father of Western medicine,” due to his belief that diseases had natural, not supernatural, causes.
Hippocrates
He is known as the “Father of Scientific History,” wherein he observed that survivors of the Athenian plague were subsequently immune to the infection.
Thucydides
He proposed the theory that disease could be caused by “certain minute creatures . . . which cannot be seen by the eye.” (viral pathogens or particulars)
Marcus Terentius Varro
This idea conveyed that living things could be generated or fostered by non-living things due to the prevalent discovery of maggots being naturally formed from rotting meat.
Spontaneous Generation, Aristotelian Idea
He was the first scientist who refuted the Aristotelian idea from the Spontaneous Generation.
Francesco Redi
How did Francesco Redi disprove the Spontaneous Generation, Aristotelian Idea?
To test the hypothesis, Francesco Redi placed fresh meat in open containers [left, above]. As expected, the rotting meat attracted flies, and the meat was soon swarming with maggots, which hatched into flies [left, below]. When the jars were tightly covered so that flies could not get in [middle, above], no maggots were produced [middle, below].
To answer the objection that the cover cut off fresh air necessary for spontaneous generation, Redi covered the jars with several layers of porous gauze [right, above] instead of an air-tight cover. Flies were attracted to the smell of the rotting meat, clustered on the gauze, which was soon swarming with maggots, but the meat itself remained free of maggots [right, below]. Thus flies are necessary to produce flies: they do not arise spontaneously from rotting meat.
Who discovered cells?
Robert Hooke
(While looking at cork, Hooke observed box-shaped structures, which he called “cells” as they reminded him of the cells, or rooms, in monasteries. This discovery led to the development of the classical cell theory.)
What year did Robert Hooke made the novel discovery of cells?
1665
Who were the proponents of the cell theory?
(1) Matthias Schleiden,
(2) Theodor Schwann, and
(3) Rudolf Virchow.
What were the three (3) principles of the cell theory?
(1) All living organisms are composed of one or more cells.
(2) A cell is the basic structural and functional unit of living organisms.
(3) All cells arise from pre-existing cells.
This is unifying concept in biology that originated from the proponents Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann during 1838-1839.
Cell Theory
Who proposed the principle that states that “ All living organisms are composed of one or more cells.”
(1) German botanist Matthias Schleiden in 1838
(2) German zoologist Theodor Schwann in 1839
Who proposed the principle that states that “All cells arise from pre-existing cells.?”
German physician Rudolph Virchow in 1850’s
He was the first to perceive bacteria and protozoa under the microscope and was also the novel inventor of the compound microscope, which increased the problem of chromatic aberration.
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek,
in In 1674, Leeuwenhoek likely observed protozoa for the first time and several years later bacteria, which he was able to isolate from different sources, such as rainwater, pond and well water, and the human mouth and intestine. He called them ___________.
animalcules
He isolated the agents of cholera, anthrax and tuberculosis.
Robert Koch
He generated salient techniques in microbiology by cultivating microbes with agar.
Robert Koch
What theory did Robert Koch support?
He supported the germ theory of disease which states that microorganisms are the cause of myriad diseases using Koch’s postulates.
What were the postulates of Robert Koch in layman’s terms?
(1) The suspected germ must be present in every case of the disease.
(2) The germ must be isolated and grown in pure culture,
(3) The cultured germ must cause the disease when it is inoculated into a healthy, susceptible experimental host (animal or plant).
(4) The same germs must be re-isolated from the diseased experimental host .
He was known as the Father of Bacteriology.
Louis Pasteur
He demonstrated pivotal aseptic techniques (techniques that prevent contamination by unwanted microorganisms).
Louis Pasteur
What did Louis Pasteur believe in?
He showed that microbes can be present in nonliving matter – on solids, in liquids, and in the air, which prodded the generation of different aseptic techniques.
This is a heat-treatment process or sterilization technique proposed by Louis Pasteur that destroys pathogenic microorganisms in certain foods and beverages.
Pasteurization (In this, fermentation of wine and beer could be prevented by heating the beverages to about 57 °C (135 °F) for a few minutes.)
What temperature is entailed to pasteurize milk?
Requires temperatures of about 63 °C (145 °F) maintained for 30 minutes or, alternatively, heating to a higher temperature, 72 °C (162 °F)
What fact does the experiment of Louis Pasteur illustrate?
Louis Pasteur’s pasteurization experiment illustrates the fact that the spoilage of liquid was caused by particles in the air rather than the air itself. These experiments were important pieces of evidence supporting the germ theory of disease.
How did Louis Pasteur conduct his experiment?
(1) Heat Applied - Let the Flask Sit (Constricted) (No bacteria present)
(2) Heat Applied - Remove the neck and let the flask sit (Bacteria present - no longer constricted - exposed to microbes)
(3) Heat Applied - Tilt the flask sideways and let it sit (Bacteria present)
He is known as the Father of Antiseptic Surgery.
Joseph Lister
Why was Joseph Lister hailed as the Father of Antiseptic Surgery?
He reduced infections after surgery by spraying carbolic acid or phenol over the patient before bandaging the wound.
He is conferred as the Father of Immunology due to his novel discovery and invention of the first vaccine against the small pox.
Edward Jenner
This is delineated as a culture of avirulent(lost its ability to cause disease) microorganisms used for preventive inoculation.
Vaccine
This is delineated as the protection from detrimental pathogens or disease, usually provided by vaccination.
Immunity
This is delineated as the deliberate process of heating the substance for 15 minutes for three days in a row (usually by boiling it)).
tyndallization
He developed the novel process of tyndallization.
John Tyndall
What did John Tyndall discover?
He discovered that some microbes are resistant to sterilization techniques and that they can survive under high temperatures (superbugs).
Who was with John Tyndall when he made the discovery that some microbe are resistant to sterilization techniques that they can survive boiling water?
Ferdinand Cohen
What are the different microbiological tools?
(1) Microscope
(2) Stains and dyes
(3) Growth media
(4) Petri dish
(5) Test Tubes
(6) Bunsen Burner or micro incinerators
(7) inoculation Loop
This is the bacterium responsible for causing Legionnaire’s disease.
Legionella
This is known as the solidified medium in the petri-dish used to culture microorganism, wherein sometimes selective compounds are added to influence growth, such as antibiotics
Agar
This can be utilized to streak bacteria on agar in a Petri dish
Inoculation Loop
He is known as a Swedish botanist, zoologist, and physician who developed a new system of categorizing plants and animal.
Carolus Linnaeus
This is delineated as the science of classification, but more strictly the classification of living and extinct organisms.
Taxonomy
Who painted the 1853 portrait of Linnaeus is holding a twinflower, named Linnaea borealis in his honor?
Hendrik Hollander (1853)
What is the levels of taxonomic hierarchy?
(1) Domain
(2) Kingdom
(3) Phylum
(4) Class
(5) Order
(6) Family
(7) Genus
(8) Species
He rendered the tree of life from his book 1866 book of General Morphology of Organisms.
Ernst Haeckel
What was Ernst Haeckel’s book that contained four (4) Kingdoms?
1866 book of General Morphology of Organisms.
This is a single celled or unicellular organism that lacked a nucleus according to Ernst Haeckel.
Monera
What were the four (4) kingdoms under Ernst Haeckel’s book 866 book of General Morphology of Organisms?
(1) Plantae
(2) Protista
(3) Animalia
(4) Monera
This is the representation of the evolutionary history and relationships between groups of organisms. The results are represented in a phylogenetic tree that provides a visual output of relationships based on shared or divergent physical and genetic characteristics.
Phylogenies
Based on the timeline that showed the deliberate evolution or shape of the tree of life over the centuries, he was known to develop a new way to categorize plants and animals.
Carolus Linnaeus, 1758
Based on the timeline that showed the deliberate evolution or shape of the tree of life over the centuries, he wrote the General Morphology of Organisms, wherein he proposed four (4) kingdoms.
Ernst Haeckel, 1866
Based on the timeline that showed the deliberate evolution or shape of the tree of life over the centuries, he proposed adding the fifth kingdom fungi in the tree of life.
Robert Whittaker, 1969
Who were the proponents of the phylogenetic tree that were constituted of three (3) domains?
Woese and Fox
What were the three (3) domains under Woese and Fox’s phylogenetic tree?
(1) Bacteria
(2) Archaea
(3) Eukarya
wherein domains Archaea and Bacteria contains all prokaryotic organisms while Eukarya contains all eukaryotic organisms
How are microorganisms measured?
Micron (micrometer and micromillimeter)
How are viruses measured?
Nanometers
A virus measured about what _________,
100 nanometers (nm) which is 10 times small than a typical bacterium
A typical bacterium measures about _____________.
~1 micrometer (μm), which is at least 10 times smaller than a typical plant or animal cell
A typical plant or animal cell measures about ____________.
~10–100 micrometers (μm).
An object must measure about _____________ to be visible without a microscope.
100 micrometers (μm)
How are the cells walls of prokaryotic microorganisms characterized?
They are constituted of peptidoglycan, wherein they can vary in metabolism and environment,
What are the different common bacterial shapes among prokaryotic microorganisms?
(1) Coccus
(2) Bacillus
(3) Vibrio
(4) Coccobacillus
(5) Spirillum
(6) Spirochete
How can common bacterial shapes be applied in naming the prokaryotic microorganism?
Common bacterial shapes. Note how coccobacillus is a combination of spherical (coccus) and rod-shaped (bacillus).
Where do archaea thrive?
Some archaea live in extreme environments, such as the Morning Glory pool, a hot spring in Yellowstone National Park. The color differences in the pool result from the different communities of microbes that are able to thrive at various water temperatures
They are photosynthetic algal organisms that belong under protist (eukaryotic organisms) that live in annual sea ice in McMurdo Sound, Antarctica.
Diatoms
How do you describe the cell wall of archaea?
Their cell walls do not contain peptidoglycan and they vary in metabolism and environment
Diatoms range in size from _______________ and are visualized here using light microscopy
2 μm to 200 μm
Eukaryotes are hailed as what?
Photosynthetic producers
Where do diatoms thrive?
live in annual sea ice in McMurdo Sound, Antarctica.
These are eukaryotic organisms that are diverse and motile due to their cilia and pseudopodia.
Protists or protozoa
This is delineated as an organism that does not have the ability to chemically produce (i.e. synthesize) its own food from inorganic molecules.
Heterotroph
This is delineated as organisms that use light energy for certain metabolic functions. They absorb photons from light to carry out cellular functions such as biosynthesis and respiration.
Phototroph
This is an intestinal protozoan parasite that infects humans and other mammals, causing a diarrheal condition known as giardiasis.
Giardia lamblia
What condition does infection from Giardia lamblia lead to?
a diarrheal condition known as giardiasis
What are the clinical symptoms of giardiasis?
(1) Diarrhea
(2) Abdominal Pain
(3) Bloating
(4) Nausea
(5) Vomiting
How do you characterized the cell walls of fungi (yeast)?
They have non-photosynthetic and chitinous cell walls.
This is a unicellular fungus, or yeast. It is the causative agent of vaginal yeast infections as well as oral thrush, a yeast infection of the mouth that commonly afflicts infants.
Candida albicans
What medical condition does infection from Candida albicans lead to?
(1) Oral thrush
(2) Vaginal Yeast Infections
C. albicans has a morphology similar to that of ______________; however, yeast is a eukaryotic organism (note the nuclei) and is much larger.
coccus bacteria
These are delineated as large colonies of microscopic fungi can often be observed with the naked eye, as seen on the surface of these moldy oranges.
Multicellular fungi
This is known as a beef tapeworm that infects both cattle and humans.
beef tapeworm, Taenia saginata
T. saginata eggs are microscopic around _______________.
around 50 μm
Adult worms (T. saginata) can reach _________________, taking up residence in the digestive system.
4–10 meters
This is delineated as an adult guinea worm that is removed through a lesion in the patient’s skin by winding it around a matchstick.
adult guinea worm, Dracunculus medinensis
How do you characterized viral particulars or viruses?
(1) Acellular
(2) Their genome can either be constituted of RNA or DNA
(3) They are constituted of a protein coat
What are the members of the Coronavirus family that can cause respiratory infections like the common cold?
(1) Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)
(2) Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS)
What microscope is used to view severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)?
transmission electron microscope (TEM).
This virus is known as a member of the Filovirus family.
Ebolavirus
This is known as the study of bacteria.
Bacteriology
This is known as the study of fungi.
Myocology
This is known as the study of protozoa.
Protozoology
This is the study of helminths and other parasites.
Parasitology
This is the study of the immune system, is often included in the study of microbiology because host–pathogen interactions are central to our understanding of infectious disease processes.
Immunology
In what fields do microbiologists specialize i?
Microbiologists can also specialize in certain areas of microbiology, such as clinical microbiology, environmental microbiology, applied microbiology, or food microbiology.
This is a virus from sample eggs in a nest which causes avian flu in birds.
influenza A virus
These are delineated as invaders that sabotage our cells.
Viruses
What happens when the viral nucleic acid enters the cell?
(1) It may remain dormant by integrating into a host chromosome
(2) When activated, viral DNA triggers viral duplication, using the host’s molecules and organelles
How can viruses pose a detrimental risk for our human cells?
(1) Viruses have genetic material surrounded by protein coat, in some cases, a membranous envelope
(2) Viral proteins then bind to receptors on a host’s target cell
(3) The viral nucleic acid then enters the cell
(4) Which ensues to the host cell being destroyed, and newly replicated viruses are then released to continue the infection.
How do emerging viruses cause human diseases?
(1) Mutation
(2) Contact between species
(3) Spread from isolated populations
In this approach of emerging viruses, this is where RNA viruses mutate rapidly.
Mutation
In this approach, viruses from other animals spread to humans
Contact between species
What are the examples of emerging viruses that threaten human health?
(1) HIV
(2) Ebola Virus
(3) West Nile Virus
(4) RNA Corona virus causing severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)
(5) Avian flu virus
(6) Hepatitis
(7) Covid-19
This marks the first known pandemic influenza virus of swine origin infecting humans.
H1N1 avian flu virus
When was the Avian flu virus detected?
Ducks in Vietnam being checked for infection by the Avian flu virus (2009).
What are the different strains of coronavirus?
(1) Common Cold
(2) Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)
(3) Middle East Respiratory syndrome (MERS)
(4) Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)
(5) Coronavirus HuPn-2018
What constituted the coronavirus?
(1) Red: spike proteins (S)
(2) Grey: lipid bilayer envelope
(3) Yellow: envelope proteins (E)
(4) Orange: membrane proteins (M)
This condition is caused by HIV, human immunodeficiency virus.
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
This is a retrovirus, containing:
(1) Two copies of its RNA genome
(2) Reverse transcriptase
HIV, human immunodeficiency virus
This is an enzyme that produces DNA from an RNA template
Reverse transcriptase,
HIV belongs to a viral family called __________________.
Retroviridae
How does HIV duplication occur?
(1) Reverse transcriptase uses RNA to produce one DNA strand
(2) Reverse transcriptase produces the complementary DNA strand
(3) Viral DNA enters the nucleus and integrates into the chromosome, becoming a provirus
(4) Provirus DNA is used to produce mRNA
(5) mRNA is translated to produce viral proteins
(6) Viral particles are assembled and leave the host cell
Some infectious agents are made only of what?
RNA or protein
These are circular RNA molecules that infect plants. They replicate within host cells without producing proteins and Interfere with plant growth
Viroids
These are infectious proteins that cause brain diseases
in animals. They are also misfolded forms of normal brain proteins where they convert normal protein to misfolded form.
Prions:
This is a disease caused by CCCVd, a lethal viroid of coconut (Cocos nucifera) and other palm
trees.
Cadang-cadang
What are the symptoms of Coconut Cadang-cadang viroid (CCCVd)?
Symptoms of CCCVd on palm include the development of orange leaf spot and premature loss of male florets
How is Bovine spongiform
encephalopathy (BSE) characterized?
Characterized by sponge-like
tissue in the brain.
Bovine spongiform
encephalopathy (BSE) spread to humans believed to result in variant _______________.
Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
(vCJD)
How can Bovine spongiform
encephalopathy (BSE) be detected and prevented?
(1) Severity: Cow begins mad seizures months or years after infection
(2) Other livestock: Related disease called scrapie affects sheep
(3) Prevention: Destroy infected farm animals and do not use animal products containing brain or central nervous systems tissue as livestock feed
Explain the nature of Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)
(1) It is not carried by germs. Hence, infection-carrying proteins called prions are the ones that spread the disease.
(2) Years may pass between exposure and symptoms (Long incubation period)
How does Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) spread?
(1) Person or animal eats food contaminated with brain or spinal cord tissue from the infected animal
(2) Disease attacks the nervous system (Outer layer of brain develops tiny holes that looks spongy)
How many cases were reported of Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
(vCJD)?
Fewer than 30 cases reported worldwide in 2011.
