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NUTRITION AND DIET THERAPY > Module 03: Basics in Nutrition (Essential Minerals) > Flashcards

Module 03: Basics in Nutrition (Essential Minerals) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the structural functions of minerals?

A

(1) Their presence in significant amounts in cells, molecules or body fluids.
(2) Bones and teeth have calcium phosphorus and magnesium, there is iron in red blood cells and zinc in insulin.

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2
Q

What are the regulatory functions of minerals?

A

(1) Maintenance of acid-base balance; catalyst for metabolic reactions
(2) Regulator of muscle contractility, transmitter of nerve impulses

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3
Q

What are the different types of macrominerals?

A

(1) Calcium
(2) Phosphorus
(3) Potassium
(4) Magnesium
(5) Sodium
(6) Chlorine

(>0.005% of body weight)

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4
Q

What are the different types of microminerals?

A

(1) Iron
(2) Zinc
(3) Iodine
(4) Selenium
(5) Manganese
(6) Copper
(7) Fluorine

(<.005% of body weight)

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5
Q

This essential mineral is a component of bones and teeth. This is important for muscle and nerve activity, contraction and relaxation is particularly important in the heart muscle, and the transmission of an impulse from one fiber to the next is dependent on this.

A

Calcium

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6
Q

Calcium often combines with phosphorus to produce this, which is a hard mineral for bones and teeth.

A

Calcium phosphate

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7
Q

This vitamin is known to enhance the absorption of calcium by increasing the permeability of the intestinal membrane.

A

Vitamin D

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8
Q

When is better absorption of calcium needed or entailed?

A

Pregnancy and lactation, growth

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9
Q

What happens when the intake is low for vitamin D?

A

When the intake is low, the body compensates by absorbing a high percentage. Decreased absorption during old age is noted.

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10
Q

What are the different sources for calcium?

A

(1) Milk and milk products
(2) Calcium fortified foods
(3) Broccoli and dried beans

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11
Q

This deficiency in calcium is characterized as low bone mass and structural deterioration. Under this, the normal homeostatic bone remodeling is altered, hence the rate of bone resorption is greater than the rate of bone formation.

A

Osteoporosis

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12
Q

This deficiency in calcium is characterized as the softening of the bones. It most often occurs because of a problem with vitamin D, which helps your body absorb calcium. Your body needs calcium to maintain the strength and hardness of your bones

A

Osteomalacia

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13
Q

What are the deficiencies in calcium?

A

(1) Osteoporosis
(2) Osteomalacia
(3) Rickets in children
(4) Stunted growth in children

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14
Q

What happens when there is overdosage of calcium?

A

(1) Drowsiness
(2) Calcium deposits in the kidneys, liver and other tissues.

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15
Q

This essential macromineral is a component of the bones and teeth and is also a component of certain enzymes and other substances involved in energy formation.

A

Phosphorus

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16
Q

How much phosphorus ingested can be absorbed by the body?

A

Only 70% of the phosphorous ingested is absorbed because the rest are excreted in the feces.

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17
Q

What are the factors that might interfere with phosphorus absorption?

A

(A) Increase in gastric motility (laxatives) may decrease absorption or increase excretion.
(B) Lack of exercise may cause a loss of bone calcium and reduce ability to restore it.

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18
Q

What are the different sources of phosphorus?

A

(A) Milk and milk products
(B) Calcium fortified foods
(C) Broccoli and dried beans
(D) Meats

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19
Q

What are the different types of deficiencies in phosphorus?

A

(1) Loss of calcium from bones
(2) Weakness, loss of appetite

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20
Q

What happens when there is an overdosage of phosphorus?

A

Muscle spasm

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21
Q

What are the functions of potassium?

A

(A) Maintain right acid base balance in bodily fluids
(B) Maintain an appropriate amount of water in blood and body fluids
(C) Needed for muscle activity

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22
Q

Why is maintenance of potassium level important for the body?

A

Because its level in the serum is important for the heart muscle.

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23
Q

What controls and regulates potassium levels?

A

Controlled by the kidney and the adrenocortical hormone or aldosterone

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24
Q

When does excretion of potassium increase?

A

Excretion is increase when there is tissue breakdown (catabolism) as in acidosis or underfeeding.

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25
Q

What happens when potassium in the blood increases?

A

If K in the blood increases to a very high level, muscular coordination is disturbed and cardiac arrest can happen (when kidney fails to excrete K as in uremia).

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26
Q

The presence of this aids in the conservation of potassium in the body?

A

Chlorine

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27
Q

What are the sources of potassium?

A

(1) Plant foods (Dark green vegetables, oranges, bananas, beans, avocados)
(2) Meats
(3) Milk and milk products

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28
Q

This deficiency or toxicity of potassium is characterized as malnutrition, prolonged GI loss due to vomiting or chronic diarrhea.

A

Hypokalemia

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29
Q

This deficiency or toxicity of potassium is characterized as the failure of the kidney to excrete potassium properly.

A

Hyperkalemia

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30
Q

This essential mineral is utilized to maintain right acid-base balance in body fluids along with appropriate amount of water in blood and bodily fluids. And is highly needed for muscle nerve activity.

A

Sodium

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31
Q

How is sodium absorbed?

A

Na is absorbed from the small intestine and it requires energy.

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32
Q

What happens to excess sodium?

A

Any excess is filtered out through the kidney and excreted in the urine and.the rest are reabsorbed in the kidney tubules.

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33
Q

The regulation of sodium is controlled by what?

A

Aldosterone (adrenal gland hormone)

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34
Q

How is sodium loss?

A

(1) Perspiration
(2) Urine

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35
Q

What are the food sources of sodium?

A

(A) Salt
(B) Processed foods (hotdog ham spam instant noodles chips cakes and pastries)
(C) Milk and cheese

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36
Q

What happens when there is a deficiency in sodium?

A

(1) Weakness
(2) Poor appetite
(3) Muscle cramps

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37
Q

What happens when there is an overdosage of sodium?

A

(1) Kidney disease
(2) HPN
(3) Hearing problems

38
Q

This essential macromineral is utilized to increased the stability of calcium in the tooth enamel. This is essential in cellular metabolism as evidenced by high levels of it in metabolically active muscles and liver.

A

Magnesium

39
Q

What are the other functions of magnesium?

A

It is necessary to promote the conduction of nerve impulses and allow normal muscular contraction.

40
Q

What is the relationship between magnesium and calcium?

A

Magnesium acts as a stimulator and Calcium is a relaxer substance.

41
Q

How is magnesium absorbed?

A

The amount of magnesium absorbed is dependent upon the intake (When the intake is high, absorption is low but when the intake is low, the absorption is high)

42
Q

The amount of magnesium absorbed is dependent on the amount of what?

A

(A) Fat excreted in the feces
(B) Excess fat
(C) Vitamin D

43
Q

This macromineral is known to cause the increased excretion of magnesium.

A

Calcium (excretion of magnesium is through the kidney)

44
Q

This is known to depress the utilization of magnesium.

A

Alcohol

45
Q

What are sources of magnesium?

A

(A) Plant sources (beans nuts tofu green vegetables)
(B) Milk
(C) Bread and ready to eat cereals

46
Q

This deficiency or toxicity in magnesium is characterized to be found in children suffering from Kwashiorkor, prolonged diarrhea and vomiting; alcoholics, diabetes, and acute renal failure with polyuria.

A

Hypomagnesemic tetany

47
Q

This deficiency of toxicity in magnesium is characterized to arise in severe renal failure; hypotension, arrhythmia or cardiac arrest.

A

Hypermagnesemia

48
Q

This essential macromineral functions in combination with NA or K to help maintain fluid and electrolyte balance and acid balance. This is also needed for nerve activity.

A

Chlorine

49
Q

Chlorine is completely absorbed by what?

A

Intestine and excreted by the kidney

50
Q

How is chlorine conserved?

A

It is conserved by its reabsorption in the renal tubules where it is returned to the circulating plasma.

51
Q

Losses of chlorine can occur in what?

A

(A) Prolonged vomiting
(B) Diarrhea

52
Q

This is characterized to help in maintaining acid base balance. It involves the exchange of bicarbonate and chloride ions across the membrane of red blood cells.

A

Chloride shift

53
Q

What are the sources of chlorine?

A

(A) Salt
(B) Processed foods (hotdog, ham, meatloaf, instant noodles, chips cakes and pastries)
(C) Milk and cheese

53
Q

This deficiency of chlorine occurs when there is an excessive loss of chloride ions from gastric secretion during continued vomiting and diarrhea.

A

Alkalosis

54
Q

What happens when there is an overdosage of chlorine?

A

(1) Kidney diseases
(2) HPN
(3) Hearing problems

55
Q

What are the functions of iron?

A

(1) Transports oxygen as a component of hemoglobin in RBC
(2) Component of myoglobin (muscle protein)
(3) An active component of tissue enzymes involved in the conversion of beta carotene to vitamin A and is needed for oxidation of glucose to produce energy.

56
Q

The greatest absorption of iron occurs where?

A

Duodenum

57
Q

What are the factors affecting the absorption of iron?

A

Iron is decreased due to hydrochloric acid in the stomach. Organic acid helps in the absorption of iron by reducing it from ferric acid to ferrous form.

58
Q

What are the two types of dietary iron?

A

(1) Heme (found in meats fish and poultry and efficiently absorbed in the body)
(2) Non-heme (found in vegetables like prunes, spinach raisins apricot) and cereals)

59
Q

What happens when you eat meats with non heme iron foods?

A

Eating meats with non-heme iron foods with Vitamin C helps absorb non-heme iron in the body.

60
Q

What are the sources of iron?

A

(1) Meat fish poultry liver and yolk
(2) Dark green leafy vegetables
(3) Cooking vessels (cast iron, wok and skillet - leaches into the food)

61
Q

This deficiency or toxicity in iron is characterized or manifested by weakness fatigue pale appearance and dizziness.

A

Anemia

62
Q

This deficiency or toxicity in iron is characterized as the excessive amount of Iron intake through supplements or failure of body to regulate iron absorption; high doses of vitamin C.

A

Hemosiderosis

63
Q

This essential micromineral is required for the activation of many enzymes involved in the reproduction of protein. This also plays a role in the acceleration of wound healing and for the normal sense of taste.

A

Zinc (Important factor in host immune defenses)

64
Q

How is zinc absorbed?

A

It is absorbed mainly in the upper jejunum, brought to the liver before redistribution to other tissues.

65
Q

Those that favor absorption of zinc are the presence of what?

A

(1) Meat protein
(2) Lactose or glucose
(3) Vitamin C
(4) Glutamate and citrate

66
Q

What are the factors that inhibit zinc absorption?

A

(1) High concentrations of fiber or phytate
(2) Calcium
(3) Phosphorus
(4) Copper
(5) Cadmium
(6) Casein

67
Q

What are the different sources of zinc?

A

(A) Meats (all kinds)
(B) Milk and milk products
(C) Grains and nuts, breads, RTE cereals
(D) Greens

68
Q

What happens when there is a deficiency in zinc?

A

Growth failure, delayed sexual maturation, decreased taste acuity and defective immune function

69
Q

What happens when there is an overdosage of zinc?

A

Nausea, vomiting, gastrointestinal irritation and fever, and increase blood lipids

70
Q

This important micromineral is important for the synthesis of thyroxine, which is a hormone in the thyroid gland. This is also important for normal brain development.

A

Iodine

71
Q

This hormone in the thyroid gland is important in regulating the rate of basal metabolism growth and body temperature.

A

Thyroxine

72
Q

What happens when the secretion of iodine is deficient?

A

The basal metabolism of the individual falls and the circulation is reduced causing a slow down.

73
Q

How is iodine absorbed?

A

(1) Absorbed as iodine in the small intestine; loosely bound with a protein and transported through the blood stream to the thyroid gland.
(2) Oxidized to iodine (and bound to with the formation of mono and di-iodotyrosine)
(3) Subsequently converted to thyroxine.

74
Q

How is thyroxine stored?

A

Thyroxine is then bound to a globulin to form thyroglobulin and stored in the vesicles of the gland.

75
Q

How is iodine utilized?

A

From the gland it is released as required into the blood stream

76
Q

What are the sources of iodine?

A

(A) Iodized salt
(B) Seafoods
(C) Seaweeds

77
Q

This deficiency in iodine is characterized by an enlarged thyroid gland.

A

Goiter

78
Q

This deficiency in iodine occurs in infants whose mothers have iodine deficiency and is manifested by mental retardation, hearing loss and retarded growth.

A

Cretinism

79
Q

This deficiency in iodine occurs among adults deprived of Iodine in childhood and adolescence.

A

Myxedema

80
Q

Myxedema is manifested by what?

A

(A) Coarse sparse hair
(B) Dry yellowish skin
(C) Poor tolerance to cold and
(D) Low husky voice

81
Q

This deficiency is known as the lack of thyroxine from birth or before birth. It could be also from the lack of thyroid gland or the lack of iodine from the mother. It is manifested by severe and irreparable mental defects, stunted growth and function in many organs.

A

Cretinism

82
Q

Water is an essential nutrient because?

A

(A) Because it is part of our diet
(B) Has specific functions in the body
(C) Deficiency or Toxicity can happen when too little or too much is consumed

83
Q

It is a universal solvent. It transports simple sugars, amino acids, vitamins and minerals, lipoproteins to the different tissues; helps in the excretion of waste products from such organs as lungs, skin and kidneys.

A

Water

84
Q

What are the functions of water?

A

(A) Medium for many chemical reactions such as digestion, absorption and circulation.
(B) It is an end product of energy formation from CPF.
(C) Vital component of every cell, tissue and organ of the body. Muscle contains 75% water; bones- 20% and teeth 10% .
(D) It is the cooling system of the body.
(E) Water can serve as lubricants of the joints and the viscera; moistens the eyes, nose and mouth and hydrates the skin

85
Q

This type of water is from underground reservoirs that are lodged between layers of rock; water dissolves the minerals from the rocks.

A

Mineral water

86
Q

This type of water is from the freshwater springs that form pools or springs.

A

Spring Water

87
Q

This type of water has been boiled into vapor and condensed back to liquid in a different container; this process removes impurities and minerals from the water.

A

Distilled Water

88
Q

This is characterized as nature’s distilled water.

A

Rain

89
Q

An example of this type of water is distilled water.

A

Purified water

NUTRITION AND DIET THERAPY (6 decks)

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