MODULE 03 and 04: Prenatal Development and Infancy-Toddlerhood

Question 1

[…] is the PHYSICAL CONDITION in which a woman’s body nurtures a developing embryo or fetus.

Answer 1

pregnancy

Question 2

[…} is the process of a zygote to a newborn

Answer 2

gestation

Question 3

[…} is the development of an organism before birth

Answer 3

prenatal development

Question 4

What is in vitro fertilization (IVF)

Answer 4

the egg is fertilized by sperm OUTSIDE the body (in vitro-in petri dish)

Question 5

What are the two types of surrogates

Answer 5

Traditional: the surrogate is the egg donor and carries the baby as well
Gestational: the surrogate carries the child BUT the mother and father who want the child gives the egg and sperm. (IVF impregnates surrogate)

Question 6

What are the three stages of Prenatal Development?

Answer 6

1. Germinal Stage (zygote): fertilization-2 wks
2. Embryonic Stage: Most rapid growth-susceptible to environmental factors-3-8 wks
3. Fetal Stage: longest stage of development- 8 wks-birth

Question 7

How successful is IVF

Answer 7

40 percent (due to the multiple injections)

Question 8

What is a teratogen

Answer 8

A substance that can cause harm to a fetus’s development

Question 9

Explain the two types of exposure to teratogens

Answer 9

Threshold: Teratogens are harmless until reaching a certain point
Interaction: Risk if teratogens interact with another teratogen at the same time

Question 10

What is the Critical Stage?

Answer 10

when an organ system is most vulnerable to harm when it developing most rapidly

Question 11

When do most defects occur during?

Answer 11

Embryonic Stage

Question 12

What age is the highest success rate?

Answer 12

16-35 (inadequate age is 16- and 35+)

Question 13

Situational Barriers

Answer 13

Lack of transport
Money
Language
Poor Insurance
Unavailibilty for checkups

Question 14

personal barriers

Answer 14

psyhical stress, raising kids, crises, pregnancy ignorance, lack of belief in care, domestic violence, provider distrust, inadequate support, high-risk behaviors

Question 15

What is an essential thing for healthy pregnancies

Answer 15

Cultural Sensitivity

Question 16

What are the three stages of labor

Answer 16

1. Dilation: contractions (12-16 hours)
2. Delivery: birth canal to the world
   a. delivery becomes shorter after every child
3. Afterbirth: placenta comes out, contractions still happen (5-10 mins.)

Question 17

What is the postpartum period also called?

Answer 17

The Fourth Trimester-12 weeks after

Question 18

What are the Baby Blues?

Answer 18

Periods of sadness due to hormone changes and last about 10 days
7/10 mothers deal with it

Question 19

What is PPD?

Answer 19

Post Partum Depression is a major depressive episode
affects 1-2/10 of mothers
due to psychological factors and sudden drop in estrogen

Question 20

The three key sequences of physical development

Answer 20

Cephalocaudal-Head and trunk
Proximodistal-Arms and legs
Differentiation-muscle control (starts around age one)

Question 21

what happens rapidly during the first 3 years of life (infancy)

Answer 21

growth

Question 22

What is catch-up growth?

Answer 22

The action of a child “catching up” to their weight, height, or cognitive ability when given the resources to do so.

Question 23

What should babies 0-6 mo. should be eating

Answer 23

STRICTLY breastmilk or an iron-fortified formula

Question 24

When should babies be weaned

Answer 24

6 mo. to 2 years
too soon: risk of obesity
too late: improper intake, small stature, food allergies

Question 25

When should foods be introduced

Answer 25

every 3-4 days

Question 26

What is needed for an infant’s growth

Answer 26

Sleep (80% of growth hormone released)