Module 02: Health Wellness and Illness Flashcards
The goal of this to promote a society in which all people live long, healthy lives.
Healthy People 2030
Based on the Healthy People 2030, what are the identified health indicators (LHIs)?
(1) Household food insecurity
(2) Hunger
(3) Homicide
(4) Suicide
(5) Children with Obesity
According to WHO, 1947, what is health?
This is the state of complete physical, mental and social well being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity,
According to Pender et.al., 2015 and Murdaugh et.al., 2019, what is health?
Health is the actualization of inhered and acquired human potential through goal-directed behavior, competent self-care, and satisfying relationships with others.
How did Pender, 1996 describe people who are healthy?
People who are free from disease are not necessarily healthy.
How did Murdaugh et.al,. 2019 explicate health?
Health is influenced by a person’s culture and lifestyle.
According to Rosenstoch, 1974; Becker and Maiman, 1975), this health model addresses the relationship between a person’s beliefs and behaviors.
Health Belief Model
What are the three (3) components constituting the health belief model?
(1) Individual’s perception of susceptibility to an illness.
(2) Individual’s perception of the seriousness of the illness.
(3) Likelihood of taking preventative action.
(a) Individual perception
(b) Modifying Factors
(c) Likelihood of an action
Explain the Health Belief Model.
(1) Composed of demographic variables like age, sex, race, and ethnicity etc.) along with sociopsychological variables.
(2) These variable can impact:
(a) Perceived Susceptibility to a Disease “X”
(b) Perceived Seriousness (Severity) of Disease “X”
(c) Perceived Threat of Disease “X”
(d) Perceived Benefits of preventative action minus perceived the barriers to preventative action
(3) These factors impacted can affect the:
(a) Likelihood of Taking Recommended Preventative Health Actions
(b) Cues to Action such as:
1. Mass Media Campaign
2. Advice from others
3. Reminder postcard from physician or dentist
4. Illness of family member or friend
5. Newspaper or magazine article
According to Murdaugh et.al,. 2019, this health model describes the multidimensional nature people as they interact within their environment to pursue health.
Health promotion Model
What are the three (3) areas of focus of the health promotion model?
(1) Individual characteristics and experiences
(2) Behavior - specific cognitions and affect
(3) Behavioral Outcome
What are the elements affecting personal factors?
(1) Interpersonal influences
(2) Situational influences
What are the factors under prior-related behavior?
(1) Perceived benefits of action
(2) Perceived barriers to action
(3) Perceived self-efficacy
(4) Activity related affect
What are the goals of the health promotion model?
(1) Commitment to a Plan of Action
(2) Health Promoting Behavior
This health model focuses on certain human needs (e.g food, water, safety and love) and states that these are necessary for human survival and health.
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Based on Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, this is the highest expression of one’s individual potential.
Self-Actualization
How did Touhy and Jett, 2020 describe Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs?
Maslow’s model considers individual experiences, which are always unique to that individual.
Enumerate Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs in order.
(1) Physiological Needs - breathing, food, water, shelter, clothing and sleep.
(2) Safety and Security - health, employment, property, family and social ability
(3) Love and belonging - friendship, family, intimacy and sense of connection
(4) Self esteem - confidence, achievement, respect for others, and the need to be a unique individual
(5) Self- Actualization - morality, creativity, spontaneity, acceptance, experience, purpose, meaning and inner potential.
According to LaVela et.al,. 2017, this health model promotes a patient’s optimal level of health by considering the dynamic interactions among emotional, spiritual, social, cultural and physical aspects of individual’s wellness.
Holistic Health model
Under the Holistic Health Model what are the different types of interventions?
(1) Meditation
(2) Music Therapy
(3) Reminiscence
(4) Relaxation Therapy
(5) Therapeutic Touch
(6) Guided Imagery
Under variables affecting health and health beliefs and practices, what are the different internal variables?
(1) Developmental stage
(2) Perception of Functioning
(3) Intellectual Background
(4) Emotional Factors
(5) Spiritual Factors
In this internal variable, considering a patient’s growth & developmental stage helps you predict a patient’s response to an actual illness or the threat of a future illness
Developmental stage
How does a person’s intellectual background affect their health beliefs and practices?
A person’s beliefs about health are shaped in part by educational background, traditions and past experiences.
How does a person’s emotional factors affect their health beliefs and practices?
A patient’s degree of stress, depression, or fear influences health beliefs and practices.
This is reflected on how people live their lives.
Spirituality
How did Lindell et al., 2019; Dadipoor et al., 2020 describe the concept of spirituality>?
Spirituality serves as an integrating theme in people’s lives and often provides motivation to participate in health promoting activities.
Under the variables affecting health beliefs and practices, what are the different external variables,
(1) Family role and practices
(2) Social Determinants of Health
(3) Culture
How does family roles and practices affect a person’s health beliefs and health practices?
The roles and organization of a family influence how each family member defines health and illness and values health practices
How does social determinants of health affect a person’s health beliefs and health practices?
Health is determined by a person’s circumstances and environment, SDOH- social, commercial, cultural, economic, environmental & political
How does culture affect a person’s health beliefs and health practices?
It influences the approach to the health care systems, personal health practices, and the nurse-patient relationship.
What are the focus of public health?
(1) Health promotion
(2) Health education
(3) Illness Prevention
This helps individuals maintain or enhance their present health
Health Promotion
This includes providing information on topics such as physical awareness, stress management, & self responsibility to enable individuals to improve their health.
Health Education
This includes activities such as immunization programs and blood pressure screenings.
Illness Prevention
What are the different levels of prevention?
(1) Primary prevention or true prevention
(2) Secondary prevention
(3) Tertiary prevention
This level of prevention has the goal to reduce the incidence of disease.
Primary Prevention or True Prevention (health education program or nutritional program)
This level of prevention focuses on preventing the spread of disease, illness or infection once it occurs.
Secondary Prevention (Mass Screening and Focused exams to cure and prevent disease)
This level of prevention involves minimizing the effects of long-term disease or disability by interventions directed at preventing complications & deterioration
Tertiary Prevention
What activities are found under Tertiary Prevention?
Activities are directed at rehabilitation rather than diagnosis & treatment
What are examples of nonmodifiable factors?
(1) Age
(2) Gender
(3) Genetics and Family History
Why is age a nonmodifiable risk factor?
A person’s age increases the susceptibility to certain illness and accidents. Premature infants & neonates are more susceptible to infections
Why is gender a nonmodifiable risk factor?
The risk for asthma is higher in males than females; Men have a higher risk for CVD than premenopausal women.
Why are genetics and family history considered a non-modifiable risk factor?
A person with a family history of DM or CVD is at higher risk for developing these diseases.
What are some examples of modifiable factors?
(1) Lifestyle practices and behaviors
(2) Environment
Why are Lifestyle practices and behaviors considered modifiable risk factors?
Smoking, drinking alcohol, unhealthy diet, obesity, physical inactivity & insufficient rest & sleep; Stress can detrimentally affect a person’s health
Why is the environment considered modifiable risk factors?
The physical environment in which a person works or lives can increase the likelihood that certain illness will occur
How is the concept illness defined?
State in which a person’s physical, emotional, intellectual, social, developmental, or spiritual functioning is diminished or impaired.
This type of illness is usually reversible & has a short duration. Symptoms appear abruptly, intense and subside after a relatively short period.
Acute Illness
This type of illness lasts more than 6 months; irreversible and affects functioning in one or more systems.
Chronic Illness
What is the goal of nurses in managing illness?
Major role for nursing is to educate patients on how to manage their diseases or disabilities to help reduce the occurrence or improve severity of symptoms.
In this, people often adopt cognitive, affective, and behavioral reactions to their diseases that are influenced by sociocultural & psychological factors.
Illness Behavior
What are the factors or variables influencing illness and illness behavior?
(1) Physical stressors
(2) Work Stress
(3) Exposure to air pollution
(4) Unsafe environment
(5) Heredity and individual practices
(6) Influence of emotional, intellectual, social, developmental, and spiritual factors
These variables refer to the patient’s perceptions of symptoms and the nature of a disease.
Internal variables
These variables refer to the variables influencing a patient’s illness behavior include the visibility of symptoms, social groups, cultural background, economic variables, accessibility of the health care system & social support
External variables
What are the impacts of illness?
(1) behavioral and emotional changes
(2) Impact on body image
(3) Impact on self-concept
(4) impact on family roles
