Modulatory systems 2

Question 0

Several drugs used in the clinic to combat AD act by blocking _________

Answer 0

acetylcholinesterase

Question 1

Which neurons are among the first to disappear in AD?

Answer 1

Cholinergic

Question 2

Location of cholinergic cell bodies in the:
1 Pontomesencephalic region
2 Basal forebrain

Answer 2

1 pedunculopontine nucleus and laterodorsal tegemental nucleus
2 nucleus basalis

Question 3

Where do the cholinergic pedunculopontine and laterodorsal tegmental nuclei project?
Affects?

Answer 3

Thalamus then cortex

Arousal/alertness (by unblocking thalamic relay nuclei), memory

Question 4

Cholinergic neurons in the nucleus basalis of the basil forebrain project where?
Affect?

Answer 4

Excitatory projections to the cerebral cortex

Alertness, memory

Question 5

Loss of cholinergic neurons causes what?

Answer 5

AD

acetylcholinesterase converts all of the acetylcholine to choline?

Question 6

Location of dopaminergic neurons in the midbrain?

Answer 6

Substantia nigra pars compacta

Ventral tegmental area

Question 7

Where do the dopaminergic neurons in the SNpc and VTA project?
Affect?

Answer 7

Mesolimbic = midbrain to limbic 
Mesocortical = midbrain to cortex 
Nigrostriatal = SNpc to striatum 
(VTA also projects to nigrostriatal?)
Movements, initiative, working memory

Question 8

Insufficient dopamine biosynthesis in dopaminergic neurons (in the SNpc) can cause which disorder?

Answer 8

PD - loss of ability to execute smooth, controlled movments

Question 9

The projections from the Ventral Tegmental Area to the mesocortical region have what affect?

Answer 9

Cognition, movement initiation

Schizophrenia (excess of DA)

Question 10

What are the effects of mesocortical projections from the VTA?

Answer 10

D1 receptors are responsible for the cognitive-enhancing effects of DA

Question 11

What is the effect of the mesolimbic projections from the VTA?

Answer 11

Reward, addictions

Question 12

________ is released in the _________ system by rewarding experiences

Answer 12

Dopamine, limbic

Nucleus accumbens is important here

Question 13

Too much dopamine vs not enough dopamine?

Answer 13

Too much = Tourette’s

Not enough = PD

Question 14

The ventral striatum is involved in?

Answer 14

Regulation of reward

Motor activity

Question 15

Where is DA released from?

Answer 15

Ventral striatum

Question 16

How do drugs affect DA?
1 Crack/cocaine
2 Amphetamines
3 Cannabinoids, opiates

Answer 16

1. blocks DA uptake
2. blocks DA uptake AND cause DA release
3. stimulate DA releae

Question 17

Where are norepinephrine cell bodies located?

Answer 17

Locus ceruleus and LTA (scattered neurons here)

Question 18

Where do the locus ceruleus and LTA NEPI neurons project?

Affect?

Answer 18

Thalamus, cortex, limbic system
Increases signal-to-noise ratio of postsynaptic neurons. Enables
other inputs to be more effective, whether they are excitatory or inhibitory

Question 19

Too much norepinephrine? Too little?

Answer 19

PTSD

Depression

Question 20

NEPI and 5HT uptake blockers are used for what?

Answer 20

Severe depression

Question 21

Where are 5HT neurons found in the brainstem? Where do they project?

Answer 21

Caudal raphe nucleus projects to medulla and spinal cord.

Rostral raphe nucleus projects to the entire forebrain.

Question 22

Caudal raphe nucleus projections affect? Rostral raphe nucleus projections affect?

Answer 22

1 Inhibits incoming pain

2 Has excitatory and inhibitory affects

Question 23

What is the name of the selective 5HT2c agonist that is used to treat obesity?

Answer 23

Lorcaserin

Question 24

Too little 5HT?

Too much 5HT (because of hallucinogens or 5HT2a agonists)?

Answer 24

Depression, overeating

Hallucinations

Question 25

Histamine cell bodies are found in the tuberomammillary nucleus, where do they project and what do they do?

Answer 25

Entire brain

Increases cortical excitability, wakefulness

Question 26

H1 antagonists/antihistamines have what affect?

Answer 26

Drowsiness