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SURVEYING > mods 2 > Flashcards

mods 2 Flashcards

1
Q

In surveying, the commonly employed methods of linear measurement include

A

pacing, taping, tachymetric, graphical, mathematical, mechanical, photogrammetric, and electronic distance measurement or a combination of methods.

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2
Q

consists of counting the number of steps or paces in a required distance. A pace is defined as the length of a step in walking.

A

Pacing

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3
Q

pacing may be measured from ______to _____ or from ____ to_____.

A

heel to heel or toe to toe

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4
Q

In surveying, pacing means _________; and if the steps are counted, distances can be determined if the length of a step is known

A

moving with measured steps

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5
Q

To pace a distance, it is necessary to first determine the length of one’s pace. This is referred to as the _______

A

pace facor

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6
Q

It is a form of a _________ which is widely used in the construction of buildings, dams, bridges canals, and many other engineering as well as non-engineering activities.

A

direct measurement

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7
Q

The use of a graduated tape is probably the most common method of measuring or laying out horizontal distances

A

Distance by taping

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8
Q

_______ consists of stretching a calibrated tape between two points and reading the distance indicated on the tape

A

Taping

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9
Q

is another procedure of obtaining horizontal distances it is based on the optical geometry of the instrument employed and is an indirect method of measurement.

A

Tachymetry (or tacheometry)

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10
Q

A _______ or a _______ is used to determine subtended intervals and angles on a graduated rod or scale from which distances are computed by trigonometry.

A

transit or a theodolite

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11
Q

Tachymetric measurements are performed either by the:

A

stadia method or the subtense bar method.

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12
Q

By ______ or _______ methods, unknown distances may be determined through their relationship with known distances geometrically.

A

graphical or mathematical

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13
Q

However in graphical or mathematical methods, before any distances are determined, the _______ must first be established.

A

scale

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14
Q

is very similar in operation to an odometer except that it is a more portable and self- contained measuring device. It basically consists of a small wheel which is attached to a rod and handle, and can be pushed by an operator.

A

measuring wheel

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14
Q

is a simple device that can be attached to a wheel for purposes of roughly measuring surface distances

A

odometer

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15
Q

refers to the measurement of images on a photograph. The type of photographs used are those taken from an aircraft with the axis of the camera pointed vertically towards the terrain photographed.

A

photogrammetry

15
Q

operates on the same principle as a rangefinder on a single-lens reflex camera. This device, which is usually hand-held or mounted on a small tripod, can be used to determine distances approximately simply by focusing. In using the device, the operator looks through the eyepiece and sights a distant object such as a flag or range pole which defines the other end of a line to be measured.

A

optical rangefinder

16
Q

is the process of directly measuring distances with the use of a graduated tape.

A

Taping

17
Q

taping party usually consists of the following individuals:

A
  1. Head tapeman
  2. Recorder
  3. Flagman
  4. Rear tapeman
18
Q

keeps a record of all measurements, sketches, and observations taken during the process of measurement. He also checks by pacing all measurements made by the tapemen for possible errors, mistakes, and blunders.

A

Recorder

19
Q
  • the person whose duty is to assist the head tapeman during a taping operation. He is the one who holds the 30-m end or any intermediate meter mark of the tape during a measurement.
A

Rear tapeman

19
Q
  • the person responsible for the accuracy and speed of all linear measurements with the tape. He determines and directs the marking of points or stations, orders the clearing out of obstructions along lines to be measured, and is the person who carries the zero end of the tape ahead.
A

Head tapeman

20
Q

the person whose duty is to hold the range pole (or flagpole) at selected points. He also helps the tapemen in making measurements and assists in clearing out obstructions along the line to be measured

A

Flagman

21
Q

The procedure of taping.

A
  1. Aligning the tape.
  2. Stretching the tape.
  3. Plumbing.
  4. Marking full tape lengths.
  5. Tallying taped measurements.
  6. Measuring fractional lengths.
22
Q

It is standard practice to hold the tape horizontally above ground and to plumb at one or both ends when taping on sloping or uneven terrain surfaces.

A

Breaking tapes.

23
Q

Corrections to taping are applied by the use of the following rules

A

1st Rule: When a line is measured with a tape that is “too long”, the corrections are applied to the observed length by adding.
2nd Rule: When a specified or required length is to be laid out with a tape that is “too long” the corrections are subtracted from the known length to determine the corrected length to be laid out.
3rd Rule: When measuring or laying out lengths with a tape that is “too short”, the corrections are applied opposite to those stated in the first two rules.

24
Q

Taping operations could either be of the following:

A

taping to determine an unknown length, or taping for the purpose of laying out a required or specified length

25
Q

1st Rule: When a line is _______with a tape that is “too long”, the corrections are applied to the observed length by ____.

A

measured ,adding

26
Q

2nd Rule: When a specified or required length is to be laid out with a tape that is “________” the corrections are subtracted from the known length to determine the corrected length to be laid out.

A

“too long”

27
Q

The absolute value for the correction per tape length (Corr) is determined from

A

the difference between the true or actual length of tape (TL) and the nominal length of tape (NL)

28
Q

3rd Rule: When measuring or laying out lengths with a tape that is “________”, the corrections are applied opposite to those stated in the first two rules.

A

too short

29
Q

There may be some instances when it would be necessary to erect on the ground a perpendicular to an established line.

A
  1. Erecting perpendicular to line
29
Q

When the resulting difference from the above equation is a positive value, the tape used is _____; and is too short, if negative.

A

too long

30
Q

This method of erecting a perpendicular to a given line is illustrated in figure. The method involves the setting up on the ground of a triangle whose three sides are made in the proportions of 3, 4, and 5.

A

b. 3:4:5 method

30
Q

In the figure, it is required to erect a perpendicular to the line AB at point m. Two equal lengths, mb and mc, are measured on each side of point m. With b as center and taking any convenient length of tape as radius, an arc of a circle is described

A

a. Chord-bisection method

31
Q

A tape is not frequently used in engineering constructions for measuring or laying out angles. There may be some occasions, however, when a theodolite or transit is not readily available that the tape is instead used.

A
  1. Measuring angles with tape
32
Q

A method which employs a simple principle of trigonometry is illustrated in figure 11-5. Along line AB a convenient length, AP, is first laid out

A
  1. Laying off angles with tape.
33
Q

In some instances, it may not be possible to directly measure distances due to an obstruction. The required length may also be inaccessible or difficult to measure. The following are some of the indirect methods which could be employed to determine obstructed or inaccessible distances.

A
  1. Determining obstructed distances

SURVEYING (4 decks)

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