modern treatment of disease xx-modern

Question 1

1. what was fleming determined to do?

Answer 1

to find a better way to treat infected wounds and conducted detailed experiments

Question 2

2. what happens in 1928 when fleming went on holiday?

Answer 2

left several plates of Staphylococcus germs on a bench in his laboratory;

Question 3

3. what happened to the plates of germs fleming left?

Answer 3

when he came home, he noticed a large blob of mould in one of the
dishes

Question 4

4. what did fleming notice had happened to the germs?

Answer 4

he noticed that the Staphylococcus germs next to the mould had been killed

Question 5

5. after fleming took a sample of the mould what did he find out?

Answer 5

it was penicillin mould; it appeared that a spore from this mould, grown in a room below Fleming’s, had floated up the stairs and into his laboratory

Question 6

6. what did fleming think penicillin was?

Answer 6

a natural antiseptic, but it was an antibiotic

Question 7

7. what did fleming realise about penicillin?

Answer 7

Fleming realised the germ-killing capabilities of penicillin and published his findings that year.

Question 8

8. why did people not think flemings work was a bug break through?

Answer 8

because he never tested it on an animal or person

Question 9

9. who tested penicillin on an animal?

Answer 9

in 1930 Scientists Howard Florey and Ernst Chain successfully tested penicillin on eight mice.

Their next move was to test it on humans and, over a period of months, they produced enough penicillin to use on a patient with a bad infection.

Question 10

10. why was penicillin vital in ww2?

Answer 10

it was vital in treating soldiers with infected wounds.

Question 11

11. why was ww2 a major factor in transforming supply of penicillin?

Answer 11

it was used to treat soldiers

Question 12

12. what happens in june 1941

Answer 12

Florey met with the US government who agreed to pay several huge chemical companies to make millions of gallons of it.

Question 13

13. how many treated soldiers were being treated by the end of ww2?

Answer 13

250,000 soldiers

Question 14

14. what did drug companies plan to do with penicillin when war was over?

Answer 14

Drug companies began using their production methods to make penicillin for public use as soon as the war ended.

Question 15

15. what did the discovery of penicillin mean for pharmaceutical industry?

Answer 15

discovery led to huge government-sponsored programmes to develop

Question 16

15. what were the key developments
    i n health and medicine since
    1945?

Answer 16

•body and disease

•treatment

•surgery

Question 17

17. what were the key developments in body and disease in health and medicine since 1945?

Answer 17

• 1953: scientists at Cambridge University map out the DNA structure; the understanding of DNA leads to such developments as gene therapy,

• 1970s and 1980s: technology that we take for granted today was developed: CAT scanners that produce 3D images of the body

• MRI scanning

Question 18

18. what were the key developments in treatment in health and medicine since 1945?

Answer 18

• Between 1946 and 1969: free vaccines available in the UK for TB, diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus, polio, measles and rubella

• 1978: doctors use IVF fertility treatment to help childless women become pregnant

Question 19

19. what were the key developments in surgery in health and medicine since 1945?

Answer 19

first open-heart surgery to repair a ‘hole’ in a baby’s heart; first pacemaker is fitted in 1958, followed by the first British heart transplant

Question 20

20. what was the impact of the first and second world wars?

Answer 20

• x-rays

•plastic surgery

•blood transfusions

Question 21

21. what was the impact of first and second world wars on x-rays?

Answer 21

•Discovered in 1895; hospitals used them to look for broken bones and disease

• During the war, proved their
effectiveness on the battlefield when
mobile X-ray machines were used;
developed by Polish scientist Marie Curie

•Allowed surgeons to find out exactly
where in the wounded soldier’s body
bullets or pieces of shrapnel had
lodged - without having to cut him open

Question 22

22. what was the impact of first and second world wars on plastic surgery?

Answer 22

During the First World War, Harold Gillies set up a special unit to graft (transplant) skin and treat men suffering from severe facial
wounds

Queen’s Hospital in Kent opened in 1917; by 1921 it provided over 1000 beds for soldiers with severe facial wounds

Question 23

23. what was the impact of first and second world wars on blood transfusions?

Answer 23

In 1900, Karl Landsteiner discovered blood groups, which helped doctors work out that a transfusion only worked if the donor’s blood type matched the receiver’s

It was not possible to store blood for long until 1914 when Albert Hustin discovered that sodium citrate stopped blood from clotting

Large blood banks developed in both the USA and Britain during the Second World War

Question 24

24. how did the war develop treatment of broken bones?

Answer 24

the Army Leg Splint was developed, which kept a broken leg ‘in traction’. The splint is still in use today.

Question 25

25. how did the war develop treatment of diet?

Answer 25

as a result of food shortages during wartime, many people grew their own food. This improved their diets because the food the government encouraged people to grow - fresh vegetables for example - was very healthy.

Question 26

26. how did the war develop treatment of hygiene and disease?

Answer 26

in order to keep Britain 'fighting fit' during the Second World War, there was a campaign that warned against the dangers of poor hygiene. A national immunisation programme against diphtheria was launched during the war too.

Question 27

27. what did major technologies mean for anaesthetic?

Answer 27

it improved so they could be unconscious for longer meaning more complicated operation could be attempted

Question 28

28. what’s keyhole surgery?

Answer 28

surgeons can now perform operations through very small cuts. Using miniaturised instruments and small fibre-optic cameras linked to computers,

Question 29

29. whats radiation therapy?

Answer 29

Radiation therapy involves the use of high-energy radiation to shrink tumours and kill cancer cells. Sometimes a radioactive substance such as radioactive iodine is used,

Question 30

30. what happens with transplant surgery in 1952?

Answer 30

The first transplant of a whole organ (a kidney) is carried out; the first in the UK is in 1960

Question 32

32. what did the government shave more involvement with after 1900?

Answer 32

public health

Question 33

33. what did charles booths report find?

Answer 33

that around 30 per cent of Londoners were so poor that they didn't have enough money to eat properly,

Question 34

34. what did seebohm rowntrees report find?

Answer 34

that 28 per cent of the population did not have the minimum amount of money to live on at some time of their life

Question 35

35. what happens in 1899 with the boer war?

Answer 35

• In 1899, a large-scale army recruitment campaign took place to find men to fight in the Boer War. • Army chiefs were alarmed by the fact that 40 per cent of the young men who volunteered were unfit to be soldiers, mostly due to poor diet and poverty-related illnesses.

Question 36

36. what was the governments action on public health?

Answer 36

• The reports fuelled fears that the unhealthy state of Britain's workers might lead to the decline of Britain as a great industrial power • Some politicians, including many from the Liberal Party believed that direct action from the government was the way to improve the public health

Question 37

37. what did the liberal party in 1906?

Answer 37

the general election and they took action

Question 38

38. what happens during the liberal reforms in 1906?

Answer 38

free school meals provided for poor children

Question 39

39. what happens during the liberal reforms in 1907?

Answer 39

School medical service set up

Question 40

40. what happens during the liberal reforms in 1908?

Answer 40

Old Age Pensions are introduced, paid for by national taxes

Question 41

41. what happens during the liberal reforms in 1909?

Answer 41

Britain's first job centres are built

Question 42

42. what happens during the liberal reforms in 1911?

Answer 42

ational Insurance Act introduces unemployment benefit ('the dole'), free medical treatment, and sickness pay

Question 43

43. what did the beveridge report argue during ww2?

Answer 43

that the state should provide support for vulnerable people. This led to the creation of the welfare state.

Question 44

44. what where people shocked about during ww2 with to do with evacuated city children?

Answer 44

the health of them

Question 45

45. after the war what did the labour party win?

Answer 45

led by Clement Attlee, won the election by promising to follow Beveridge's advice and set up the welfare state to look after the sick, the unemployed and chil

Question 46

46. when did the nhs begin?

Answer 46

in 1948 in 1948 to provide free health treatment for everyone

Question 47

47. what did they welfare state mean?

Answer 47

• A weekly family allowance payment helped with childcare costs. • The very poor received financial help or 'benefits'. • More slums were demolished and new houses built. • Twelve new towns were created.

Question 48

48. what opposition did aneurism bevan overcome after introducing the nhs?

Answer 48

from doctors

Question 49

what is healthcare like in the twenty first century?

Answer 49

• Modern drugs are very expensive and modern medicine means that people are living longer - so there are more elderly people than ever before. Older people tend to use the services of the NHS more than younger people. • Healthy eating campaigns and new laws try to protect Britain's citizens and prevent them from needing expensive medical care