medicine stands still xx -medieval

Question 1

1. what did barber surgeons do?

Answer 1

bloodletting, minor surgery’s

Question 2

2. what did wise men or women do?

Answer 2

herbal remedies, supernatural cures, based on tradition

Question 3

3. what did herbalists in monasteries do?

Answer 3

used herbal treatments

Question 4

4. what did trained doctors do?

Answer 4

treated using Hippocratic and Galenic methods from British textbooks such as Gilbert Eagle’s Compendium Medicine and Islamic texts such as Avicenna’s Canon of Medicine.
-charged fees for service
-studied for at least seven years at uni

Question 5

5. what natural methods did doctors use?

Answer 5

-clinical observation - checking pulse and urine
-four humours

Question 6

6. what supernatural methods did doctors use?

Answer 6

-poisition of the stars
-recommended charms and prayers

Question 7

7. what was the ancient greek theory of illness?

Answer 7

the equal balance of the body’s four ‘humours’ - blood, phlegm, black bile and yellow bile

Question 8

8. what was believed about being ill to doctors according to Ancient Greek theory of illness?

Answer 8

that a person became ill when these were out of balance, and the doctor’s job was to restore this balance.

Question 9

9. what do mediavele doctors base natural cures on?

Answer 9

ancient greek theory of illness

Question 10

10. how did christianity affect medieval medicine? (5)

Answer 10

-Christians believed it was good to look after the sick
-God sent illness as a punishment, curing an illness would challenge God’s will
-Monks preserved and copied by hand ancient medical texts
-Prayers were the most importanttreatment rather than drugs
-Christians believed in caring for the sick and started many hospitals; over 700 were set up in England between 1000 and 1500

Question 11

11. did the church approve the medical ideas of the ancient greeks and romans?

Answer 11

yes their ideas were taught in universities

Question 12

12. who treated most patients when sick?

Answer 12

a priest rather than a doctor

Question 13

13. who funded hospitals

Answer 13

the church or a wealthy patron; for example St Leonard’s hospital was paid for by the Norman King Stephen

Question 14

14. who and why did the church arrest the thirteenth century english monk?

Answer 14

Roger Bacon, for suggesting doctors should do original research and not trust old books

Question 15

15. what did reign of caliph Harun al-Rashid do in 786-809?

Answer 15

Baghdad became a centre for the translation of Greek manuscripts into the language of Islam

Question 16

16. what did al rashid do in 805?

Answer 16

Al-Rashid set up a major new hospital in Baghdad with a medical school and library

Question 17

17. what did reign of caliph al-mamum do in 813-833?

Answer 17

• developed al-Rashid’s library into ‘The House of Wisdom’ - the world’s largest library and a study centre for scholars
• preserved hundreds of ancient Greek medical books by Hippocrates and Galen,

Question 18

18. what inspired the islamic religion to advance their medical learning and discoveries?

Answer 18

the Prophet Muhammad said, ‘For every disease, Allah has given a cure.’ So doctors were
inspired to find them.

Question 19

19. what drugs were muslim doctors encourages to discover?

Answer 19

cures and new drugs, such as senna and naphtha.

Question 20

20. what were muslim hospital and what did they do?

Answer 20

bimaristans were meant for treating patients, not simply caring for them as was

Question 21

21. who’s avicenna?

Answer 21

• wrote a great encyclopaedia of ancient Greek and Islamic medicine known as Canon of Medicine
• this listed the medical properties of 760 different drugs

Question 22

22. why was medieval surgery a risky business for the patients?

Answer 22

-got operated on without effective painkillers
-had no idea that dirt carried disease

Question 23

23. whats bloodletting?

Answer 23

drawing blood from someone to balance the humours

Question 24

24. whats amputation?

Answer 24

cutting off a painful or damaged part of the body

Question 25

25. whast trepanning?

Answer 25

drilling a hole into the skull to ‘let the demon out’

Question 26

26. whats cauterisation?

Answer 26

burning a wound to stop the flow of blood using heated iron

Question 27

27. what happens if too much anaesthetics was used?

Answer 27

it might kill the patient

Question 28

28. what are examples of natural anaesthetics?

Answer 28

- mandrake root -opium -hemlock

Question 29

29. what did hugh of lucca and his son theodoric do?

Answer 29

• in 1267, criticised the common view that pus was needed for a wound to heal • used wine on wounds to reduce the chances of infection and had new methods of removing arrows • their ideas to prevent infection clashed with Hippocratic advice and did not become popular.

Question 30

30. who’s john of ardene?

Answer 30

• the most famous surgeon in Medieval England who set up a 'Guild of Surgeons' in London in 1368 his surgical manual Practica [1376) was based on Greek and Arab knowledge and his experience in the Hundred Years War between England and France

Question 31

31. whats public health?

Answer 31

health and well-being of the population as a whole

Question 32

32. how were medieval towns water unhygienic?

Answer 32

As towns grew, systems could not cope with the increased demand for water; rivers were often used to remove sewage and other waste, rivers were used for drinking water, for transport, and to remove waste.

Question 33

33. how were medieval towns water hygienic?

Answer 33

Medieval towns took water from local springs, wells or rivers

Question 34

34. how were medieval towns dealing with sewage unhygienic?

Answer 34

Towns were usually dirty with only a few paved streets; cesspits could overflow onto roads and into rivers

Question 35

35. how were medieval towns dealing with sewage hygienic?

Answer 35

Most towns and some private houses had privies (outside toilets) with cesspits to collect the sewage; people left money in their wills to build public privies for the town's citizens

Question 36

36. how were medieval towns dealing with rubbish unhygienic?

Answer 36

in poorer areas streets stank and were often littered with toilet waste and household rubbish

Question 37

37. how were medieval towns dealing with rubbish hygienic?

Answer 37

Medieval town councils passed laws encouraging people to keep the streets in front of their houses clean and tidy

Question 38

38. how were medieval towns dealing with tradesmen’s waste unhygienic?

Answer 38

Leather tanning used dangerous smelly chemicals while meat butchers dumped the waste blood and guts into rivers

Question 39

39. how were medieval towns dealing with tradesmen’s waste hygienic?

Answer 39

Town councils and local craft guilds tried to encourage tradesmen to keep to certain areas,

Question 40

40. where had good public health conditions in medieval towns?

Answer 40

religious buildings such as monasteries, abbeys and nunneries that the largest number of people enjoyed good public health conditions.

Question 41

41. what’s a lavatorium?

Answer 41

pipes delivered local well water to wash basins; filters removed dirt

Question 42

42. what’s a privies?

Answer 42

these toilets sometimes contained potties to collect urine , toilets were emptied into pits, from which the waste was taken to be used as manure

Question 43

43. what’s a dormitory?

Answer 43

monks washed their clothes regularly as wel as their faces and feet

Question 44

44. why did wealth help the public health conditions?

Answer 44

• money to spend on cleaner facilities • many people gave money, valuables and lands in return for prayers to be said for them when they died • monks made a lot of money from producing wool and used the large areas of donated land to keep the sheep

Question 45

45. why did knowledge help the public health conditions?

Answer 45

• monks could read and understand books in their library • they learned the basic idea of separating clean water from the wastewater that came from the toilets and wash places

Question 46

46. why did location help the public health conditions for monks?

Answer 46

• isolation helped protect monks from epidemics • Christian monasteries and abbeys were near to rivers; water was an important resource

Question 47

47. what was the black death?

Answer 47

The Black Death was a Medieval epidemic disease that arrived in Britain in the mid fourteenth century.

Question 48

48. where did the back death begin?

Answer 48

in asia

Question 49

49. when did the back death arrive in england?

Answer 49

in 1348

Question 50

50. what was the black death a combination of?

Answer 50

bubonic plague, spread by rats and fleas, and pneumonic plague, which attacked the lungs and was spread by contact with a victim's breath through coughing,

Question 51

51. what were the symptoms of the black death?

Answer 51

lumps or buboes, fever and vomiting

Question 52

52. what were the believed causes of the black death?

Answer 52

- position of the starts and planets -bad air -wells poisoned by jews -punishment by god

Question 53

53. what were the real causes of the black death?

Answer 53

-bacteria Yersina Pestis which grew in fleas stomachs -Fleas fed on rats' blood, disease killed rats, fleas moved on to humans -Fleas passed the disease on to humans -Food shortages meant the poor were malnourished and more vulnerable to infection

Question 54

54. why did the black death spread so quickly?

Answer 54

-Dirty streets encouraged rats to breed. -Unhygienic habits, e.g. throwing out rubbish, were common . -Animals dug up quickly-buried victims' bodies.

Question 55

55. what remedies did people result to for the black death?

Answer 55

-prayer -shavings chicken and strapping it to the bubes -moving away -quarantine

Question 56

56. how many people did the black death kill?

Answer 56

nearly half of Europe's population. In Britain, at least 1.5 million people died between 1348 and 1350.

Question 57

57. what was the political impact of the black death?

Answer 57

Demands for higher wages contributed to the Peasants' Revolt (1381) and the weakening of the feudal system

Question 58

58. when did the black death end?

Answer 58

By 1350, the Black Death subsided, but it never realy died out in england

Question 59

59. what was the economic impact of the black death?

Answer 59

Plague created food shortages: so the price of food went up, creating more hardship for the poor. Farm workers demanded higher wages and were less willing to be tied to the land and work for the feudal landlord