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Chemistry > Modern States Unit 3 > Flashcards

Modern States Unit 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are a set of guidelines that predict the solubility of different substances or compounds?

A

The solubility rules

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2
Q

Chemical reactions between what produce ions which dissociate completely, forming precipitates that do not dissolve?

A

soluble substances

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3
Q

What represents the actual chemical reaction by removing spectator ions?

A

The net ionic equation

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4
Q

What were developed through experiments to understand the relationship between pressure, volume, and temperature of gases?

A

empirical gas laws

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5
Q

What observes the inverse relationship between pressure and volume and its equation?

A

Boyle’s law

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6
Q

What observes the direct relationship between volume and temperature and its equation?

A

Charles’s law

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7
Q

What observes the direct relationship between pressure and temperature?

A

Gay-Lussac’s law

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8
Q

What observes the direct relationship between volume and the number of moles?

A

Avogadro’s law

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9
Q

PV = NRT

A

ideal gas law

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10
Q

What is a model that explains the behavior of gases? It assumes that gases consist of tiny particles that are always randomly moving in every direction.

A

Kinetic molecular theory

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11
Q

What is a model that explains the behavior of gases. It assumes that gases consist of tiny particles that are always randomly moving in every direction.

A

Kinetic molecular theory

The particles are perfectly spherical and move in straight lines with constant velocity. The volume of gas particles is very small compared to the volume of the container.

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12
Q

What is proportional to the average kinetic energy of motion, which means that the higher the temperature, the higher the average kinetic energy.

A

Temperature

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13
Q

What is the result of collisions between particles and the walls of the container.

A

Pressure

The model ignores intermolecular forces and assumes that particles are independent. Although it is not a perfect description of reality, the model works well most of the time.

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14
Q

What in chemistry relate to an amount based on Avogadro’s number?

A

Moles

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15
Q

What of a substance means 6.022 x 10^23 of that substance.

A

One mole

The mole can also be related to mass using a formula that converts between mass and the number of moles.

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16
Q

What of gases can be used to find the molar mass and density of gases.

A

The kinetic molecular theory

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17
Q

What of the gas is equal to the square root of 3RT / M.

A

The root-mean-square velocity

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18
Q

What can predict the relationship between temperatures and molar masses and velocities

A

root-mean-square velocity

19
Q

True or false

As temperature increases, the root mean square velocity also increases

A

True

20
Q

True or false

As molar mass increases, the root mean square velocity increases.

A

false

21
Q

What have an indefinite volume and shape, high compressibility, and fluidity.

A

gases

22
Q

What have a definite volume but indefinite shape, low compressibility, and high fluidity.

A

Liquids

23
Q

What have a definite size and shape, low compressibility, and low fluidity.

A

Solids

24
Q

High temperatures and low pressures favor a what.

A

gas

25
Q

low temperatures and high pressures favor a what?

A

solid

26
Q

Intermediate temperatures and pressures favor a what.

A

liquid

27
Q

Going from solid to gas is called what?

A

sublimation

28
Q

Going from gas to solid is called what?

A

deposition

29
Q

What occurs along the boundary between solid and liquid,

A

Melting and freezing

30
Q

What occurs along the boundary between liquid and gas?

A

vaporization and condensation

31
Q

What is the highest temperature where a gas and a liquid can exist as separate phases, and the highest pressure where gas and liquid can differ as phases.

A

The critical point

32
Q

Beyond the critical point, there is a what?

A

supercritical fluid

33
Q

At the triple point, all three phases (solid, liquid, and gas) can coexist in what.

A

equilibrium

The triple point is a fixed property of a substance and every substance has at least one triple point. As the temperature and pressure change, the phase boundary becomes less distinct.

34
Q

What are unique 3D shapes that molecules can have when they are solids.

A

crystal structures

35
Q

What are the most difficult phase to model since the particles are very close to each other, and they have extremely strong intermolecular forces.

A

Solids

36
Q

Crystalline solids have different shapes, and the way these crystals come together is called a what.

A

crystal lattice

37
Q

What is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances?

where one is the solvent and the other is the solute

A

a solution

38
Q

What have equal magnitudes of interactions between solutes, solvents, and other solutes.

A

Ideal solutions

The separation of solvent molecules and solute molecules requires energy, and when they come together, favorable interactions occur, resulting in a change in the total energy of the solution.

39
Q

What is how much solute you can put in a solvent without it disolving.

A

The solubility limit

40
Q

If the amount of solute is below the limit than it is what?

A

unsaturated

41
Q

What parts of solutions depend on the amount of something present in the solution?

A

The colligative properties

42
Q

What explains that the partial pressure of something in a solution is equal to the mole fraction of the solute multiplied by the vapor pressure of the pure solvent?

A

Raoult’s Law

An ideal solution obeys Raoult’s Law.

43
Q

What are the three main colligative properties?

A

boiling point elevation, freezing point depression, and osmotic pressure.

The change in the freezing and boiling point is proportional to the concentration of the solution. Osmotic pressure is directly proportional to the concentration of the solution.

Chemistry (14 decks)

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