Modern States Unit 1 Flashcards
Which of the following is a correct interpretation of the results of Rutherford’s experiments in which gold atoms were bombarded with alpha particles?
The positive charge of an atom is concentrated in a small region.
What do the basic units in the SI system include?
length, mass, time, temperature, amount, electric current, and luminous intensity
What refers to how consistent values are to each other?
percission
What refers to how close values are to the accepted value?
accuracy
What includes that any non-zero digit is significant, zeros in between digits are significant
The rules for significant figures
What involves chemical equations and net ionic equations?
Chemical reactions
What shows the driving force behind the reaction?
The net ionic equation
What is the order of which the names of bonded substances?
metal first then nonmetal*
*Exceptions include nitrogen, hydrogen, and oxygen,always in this order
What compounds need prefixes, with the second element always having a prefix?
Covalent
What type of ions have positive charges?
Cations
What are polyatomic ions with different numbers of oxygen atoms
Oxyanions
What has a specific number of water molecules associated with the ions?
Hydrates
What type of ions have negative charges and usually arise from nonmetals?
Anions
Who’s experiments showed that electrons had a negative charge and were attracted to the positive end and repelled by the negative end?
J.J. Thompson’s
What experiment did J.J. Thompson do to prove his theory?
cathode ray tube
Who’s experiment determined the mass and charge of the electron and
what was the experiment to prove this?
Milikan and the oil drop experiment
What are all atoms are made out of?
subatomic particles, namely protons, neutrons, and electrons
Who did the gold foil experiment proposed that atoms had a tiny nucleus that was extremely massive and contained protons and neutrons, while electrons orbited around the nucleus?
Rutherford
What have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons?
Isotopes
What is a weighted average of the mass numbers of all isotopes in an element?
Atomic weight
What analyzes the mass of element by ionizing a sample and measuring the deflection of the particles in a magnetic field?
A mass spectrometer
Isotopes within the band of stability are more stable, with magic numbers of what, to further increase stability?
nucleons
Radioactive decay can occur to achieve what?
stability
True/False
Nuclear reactions include beta decay, gamma decay, and nuclear decay.
False
Nuclear reactions include beta decay, gamma division, and nuclear fission.
What type of decay includes beta minus decay, beta plus decay or positron emission, and electron capture?
Beta
What type of decay involves high energy photons, and nuclear fission involves converting an element into another element through the shattering and breaking apart of a large nucleus, potentially leading to a dangerous chain reaction?.
Gamma
What is a form of radiation that is made up of waves varying in frequency and wavelength?
Light
The higher the frequency, the higher the what?
energy
What is a small portion of the energy spectrum, with specific colors representing specific wavelengths
Visible light
What three things are mathematically expressed as E = hν = hc/λ?
frequency, wavelength, and energy
What is a field of study that examines the interaction between matter and electromagnetic radiation
Spectroscopy
balancing what requires balancing mass and atomic numbers?
nuclear reactions
Who proposed that energy is directly proportional to frequency
Planck
Who developed a model based on the assumption that energies in an atom were related to angular momentum, which explained the fixed energy levels and the specific wavelengths of light observed in atomic line spectra?
Bohr
model only worked for hydrogen and replaced by new quantum mechanics
What principle states that electronic wave functions must be antisymmetric under the interchange of any two electrons?
The Pauli Exclusion Principle
This means two electrons in the same orbital cannot have the same spin
What is the energy needed to add an electron to an element in the gas phase, with a trend similar to ionization energy?
Electron affinity
What measures an element’s tendency to gain electrons and is related to ionization energy and electron affinity
Electronegativity
What is the charge an atom would have if electrons were transferred completely?
an Oxidation number
What are a combination of oxidation and reduction reactions,
Redox reactions
How many elements are in the periodic table?
118
What have smaller ionic radii due to electron loss.
Metals
Alkali metals, like lithium, sodium, and potassium, can react with halogens, hydrogen gas, and oxygen to produce what?
halides, hydrides, and oxides,
respectively
Alkaline earth metals can similarly react with halogens and oxygen to produce ——- and ——–, as well as with nitrogen to produce ——–.
magnesium and calcium
halides
oxides
nitrides
What decreases across a period and increases down a group?
atomic radius
What decreases down a group and increases across a period?
ionization energy
What exists between elements, where the first member of a group shares properties with the second member of the adjacent group?
diagonal relationships
True/False
metals and nonmetals are good oxidizing agents
False
metals are good reducing agents and nonmetals are good oxidizing agents
True/False
Light is radiation but not energy.
False
Light is both radiation and energy.
In E = hν = hc/λ, what represents the speed of light?
c
In E = hν = hc/λ, what represents wavelength
λ
In E = hν = hc/λ, what represents frequency
v
In E = hν = hc/λ, what represents Planck’s constant
h
Who created the periodic table?
Mendeleev
