Modern Period - Present Day and Previously

Question 1

Genetics Mendel

Answer 1

Mendel showed how human characteristics could be passed between generations. He provided the basis for further work on behalf of James Watson and Francis Crick.

Question 2

Watson and Crick

Answer 2

• Worked together on how the genetic codes of DNA fitted together.
• Observed X-Rays provided by Wilkins and Franklin.
• Worked out the double helix structure of DNA (1953).

Question 3

Human Genome Project

Answer 3

James Watson led the Human Genome Project and started identifying and mapping every gene in human DNA.

Question 4

Lifestyle Factors

Answer 4

Since 1900 -
1. Smoking
2. Drinking Alcohol
3. Diet
4. Sun Exposure
5. Drug Use

Question 5

Medical Technological Advances

Answer 5

• X - Rays
• Prosthetic Limbs
• MRI, CT Scans, Ultrasounds
• Endoscopes
• Pacemakers
• Dialysis Machines
• Insulin Pumps
• Blood Pressure Monitors
• MICROSCOPES

Question 6

Advantages of the discovery of DNA

Answer 6

> A better understanding of hereditary diseases like Down’s syndrome.
Predicting high risks - breast cancer
Stem cells can be grown into desired cells

Question 7

Magic Bullet

Answer 7

Chemical cure that could attack bacteria causing disease in the body without harming the body’s tissues.

Question 8

Development of Magic Bullet

Answer 8

• Ehrlich and his team research Magic Bullet
• The team, funded by the German government worked for many years - Salvarsan that could cure syphilis.
• In 1909 Dr Hata joined the team and found a compound that they had rejcected worked - Salvarsan 606 (because it was the 606th.

Question 9

High-Tech Medical/ Surgical treatments

Answer 9

> Radiotherapy and Chemotherapy
Kidney Dialysis
Pacemakers
Organ Transplants

Question 10

Keyhole and Microsurgery/ Robotic

Answer 10

Tiny cameras and surgical instruments - small insections instead of large cuts to access the body.

Robotic surgery can now be carried out remotely, with more precision and higher rate of success.

Question 11

Major Problems in Surgery Had been Solved

Answer 11

After Simpson and Lister, the final major problem had been resolved with blood transfusions.

Question 12

NHS

Answer 12

1948

Accessibility improved vastly with the funding of the NHS through taxes.

• Seeing a GP
• Hospital Care and Operations
• Emergency treatment and ambulances
• Health care for the elderly, pregnant and children.

Question 13

Mass Vaccinations

Answer 13

• Diptheria - 1942
• Polio - 1950
• Tetanus - 1961
• Measles - 1962
• Rubella - 1970
• MMR - 1988
• HPV - 2008

Question 14

Lifestyle Campaigns

Answer 14

From 1948 onwards the government began launching multiple lifestyle campaigns encouraging the public to get vaccinated for diseases such as dipheria , to quit smoking and alcohol consumption and unprotected sex that can lead to HIV and thus AIDS.

Question 15

Who discovered penicillin?

Answer 15

Alexander Flemming

Question 16

Penicillin

Answer 16

1928 - Flemming accidentally foumd that penicillium mould prevented the growth of bacteria. Flemming publishes his findings but after trying penicillin on rat blood it doesn’t work, so he discontinues his work.

Years after, Florey and Chain unciover Flemmings research and continue it, proving it’s effectiveness.

Mass production of penicillin after funding from the US government and then in the UK.

First antibiotic.

Question 17

Treatments against lung cancer

Answer 17

Surgery to remove the tumour or carry out a lung transplant.

Radiotherapy to attempt to shrink the tumour or prevent further growth.

Chemotherapy to try to shrink the tumour, or prevent the cancer from recurring.

Question 18

Diagnosis of lung cancer

Answer 18

Observe symptoms:
Persistent cough; coughing up blood; breathlessness; tiredness; weight loss; chest infections.

If lung cancer is suspected the patient is likely to undergo a CT scan and if a mass is seen in the scan, then a sample of cells is collected and tested.

Question 19

Government Action: Lung Cancer

Answer 19

1. TV adverts for cigarettes were banned in the 60s.
2. Tax on tobacco products regularly increases.
3. In England, smoking in public spaces was banned in 2007.
4. Legal age for buying tobacco raised from 16 to 18.
5. Campaigns to educate people about the dangers of smoking.
6. Shops aren’t allowed to publicly display tobacco products.
7. Cigarette packaging became standardised and images of graphic warnings were added to deter smokers, whatever the brand.