modern medicine c1900-present day

Question 1

how did understanding of causes of disease improve

Answer 1

understood microbes caused some diseases but not all
there must be other causes (genetic/ hereditary)

Question 2

when was dna discovered

Answer 2

1953

Question 3

how was dna discovered

Answer 3

watson and crick saw x rays (created by franklin and wilkins)
allowed them to build model of double helix structure

Question 4

what further discoveries did the discovery of dna lead to

Answer 4

scientists were able to discover how diseases such haemophilia and down syndrome were caused
led to human genome project

Question 5

when was the human genome project

Answer 5

1990-2000

Question 6

what was the human genome project

Answer 6

mapping out the human genome to help look for differences and mistakes in some people with diseases

Question 7

how has lifestyle affected disease

Answer 7

smoking - cancer + heart disease
bad diet - type 2 diabetes + heart disease
drinking - liver + kidney problems
sharing body fluids - HIV
sun exposure - skin cancer

Question 8

how has diagnosis been improved in this period

Answer 8

x rays, ct and mri scans, ultrasound, ecg, endosccope, blood testing

Question 9

how do x rays improve diagnosis

Answer 9

can find broken bones in a body

Question 10

how do ct and mri scans improve diagnosis

Answer 10

find internal damage and/ or tumours

Question 11

how do ultrasounds improve diagnosis

Answer 11

can find kidney stones

Question 12

how do ecgs improve diagnosis

Answer 12

they can measure irregular heart movements

Question 13

how do endoscopes imporve diagnosis

Answer 13

can investigate digestive problems

Question 14

how do blood tests improve diagnosis

Answer 14

can diagnose certain illnesses such as anaemia

Question 15

how have chemical cures improved

Answer 15

magic bullets

Question 16

what is the first example of magic bullets

Answer 16

salvarsan 606 - attacks microbes which cause a particular illness

Question 17

why was salvarsan 606 created

Answer 17

as a treatment for syphilis

Question 18

what are antibiotics

Answer 18

medicines that destroy or limit growth of bacteria

Question 19

what did fleming discover

Answer 19

penicillin (antibiotic)

Question 20

when did fleming discover penicillin

Answer 20

1928

Question 21

why did fleming discover penicillin

Answer 21

mould on a petri dish destroyed bacteria around it

Question 22

how did florey and chain build on penicillin

Answer 22

experimented on mould, testing on mice
tested on policeman with blood poisoning who died when supply ran out

Question 23

what factors led to mass production of penicillin

Answer 23

gov funding
ww2

Question 24

what new drugs followed penicillin

Answer 24

vaccines for polio, tranquilisers, birth control and pills for depression

Question 25

impacts of penicillin

Answer 25

new antibiotics discovered
pharmaceutical industry is better funded
drug companies take shortcuts in production

Question 26

what examples…

Question 27

when was the nhs introduced

Answer 27

1948

Question 28

what were the benefits of the nhs

Answer 28

aimed to give care to everyone post ww2
had hospitals, gps, dentists, ambulances, and health visitors

Question 29

how did the nhs improve in the 60s

Answer 29

more hospitals built

Question 30

how did the gov attempt to prevent disease

Answer 30

vaccinations (polio in 1950)
legislation (clean air acts 1956 and 68, health act 2006)
lifestyle campaigns

Question 31

how has finding lung cancers improved

Answer 31

early diagnosis: ct and pet scans

Question 32

how have treatments for lung cancer improved

Answer 32

if detected early, can remove tumour
radiotherapy and chemotherapy to shrink tumours
transplants

Question 33

how has prevention against lung cancer improved

Answer 33

smoking bans
legal age for buying tobacco raised
increases in tobacco tax

Question 34

what are the pressures facing the nhs today

Answer 34

cost
everything they do is now more expensive
drug companies sell drugs too expensive