modern medicine c1900-present day Flashcards
how did understanding of causes of disease improve
understood microbes caused some diseases but not all
there must be other causes (genetic/ hereditary)
when was dna discovered
1953
how was dna discovered
watson and crick saw x rays (created by franklin and wilkins)
allowed them to build model of double helix structure
what further discoveries did the discovery of dna lead to
scientists were able to discover how diseases such haemophilia and down syndrome were caused
led to human genome project
when was the human genome project
1990-2000
what was the human genome project
mapping out the human genome to help look for differences and mistakes in some people with diseases
how has lifestyle affected disease
smoking - cancer + heart disease
bad diet - type 2 diabetes + heart disease
drinking - liver + kidney problems
sharing body fluids - HIV
sun exposure - skin cancer
how has diagnosis been improved in this period
x rays, ct and mri scans, ultrasound, ecg, endosccope, blood testing
how do x rays improve diagnosis
can find broken bones in a body
how do ct and mri scans improve diagnosis
find internal damage and/ or tumours
how do ultrasounds improve diagnosis
can find kidney stones
how do ecgs improve diagnosis
they can measure irregular heart movements
how do endoscopes imporve diagnosis
can investigate digestive problems
how do blood tests improve diagnosis
can diagnose certain illnesses such as anaemia
how have chemical cures improved
magic bullets
what is the first example of magic bullets
salvarsan 606 - attacks microbes which cause a particular illness
why was salvarsan 606 created
as a treatment for syphilis
what are antibiotics
medicines that destroy or limit growth of bacteria
what did fleming discover
penicillin (antibiotic)
when did fleming discover penicillin
1928
why did fleming discover penicillin
mould on a petri dish destroyed bacteria around it
how did florey and chain build on penicillin
experimented on mould, testing on mice
tested on policeman with blood poisoning who died when supply ran out
what factors led to mass production of penicillin
gov funding
ww2
what new drugs followed penicillin
vaccines for polio, tranquilisers, birth control and pills for depression
impacts of penicillin
new antibiotics discovered
pharmaceutical industry is better funded
drug companies take shortcuts in production
what examples…
when was the nhs introduced
1948
what were the benefits of the nhs
aimed to give care to everyone post ww2
had hospitals, gps, dentists, ambulances, and health visitors
how did the nhs improve in the 60s
more hospitals built
how did the gov attempt to prevent disease
vaccinations (polio in 1950)
legislation (clean air acts 1956 and 68, health act 2006)
lifestyle campaigns
how has finding lung cancers improved
early diagnosis: ct and pet scans
how have treatments for lung cancer improved
if detected early, can remove tumour
radiotherapy and chemotherapy to shrink tumours
transplants
how has prevention against lung cancer improved
smoking bans
legal age for buying tobacco raised
increases in tobacco tax
what are the pressures facing the nhs today
cost
everything they do is now more expensive
drug companies sell drugs too expensive
