Modern Medicine, c.1900-present Flashcards

1
Q

In 1953 James Watson and Francis Crick identified ___ as the substance that passes information on from parent to child

A

DNA

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2
Q

what structure did Crick and Watson Come up with about DNA

A

the double helix

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3
Q

who were Watson and crick helped by

A

Rosalin Franklin and Maurice Wilkins who produced close up x-ray images

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4
Q

why so knowing the structure of DNA important

A

meant scientists could now work out which parts cause hereditary diseases

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5
Q

what was launched in 1990

A

The human genome project

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6
Q

why was the human genome project set up

A

to identify the complete set of DNA which makes up human beings

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7
Q

how many years did the human genome project take to complete

A

10 years

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8
Q

how many scientists did it require

A

hundreds from around the world

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9
Q

why can scientists now benefit from the human genome projects

A

use it as a blue print to look at faults in the DNA of people with genetic diseases

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10
Q

what 3 main things have we learnt within your lifestyle affects your health

A

smoking - cancer, high blood pressed
unprotetced sex , tanning, drugs and alcohol
diet

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11
Q

when were blood pressure monitors first used

A

1880s

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12
Q

when were X-rays first used

A

1890s

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13
Q

when were Endoscopes first used

A

1900s

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14
Q

when were blood tests first used

A

1930s

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15
Q

when were CT scans first used

A

1970s

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16
Q

what were blood pressure monitors used for

A

diagnosing high/low blood pressure

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17
Q

what were X-rays used for

A

seeing inside the body without surgery

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18
Q

what were Endoscopes used for

A

camera on the end of a thin tube, used for looking inside the body

19
Q

what were blood tests used for

A

testing for conditions without surgery

20
Q

what were CT scans used for

A

a more advanced type of Xray, used to find tumours and growths

21
Q

what are Magic bullets

A

chemical medicines that attacked disease whilst leaving the rest of the body unharmed

22
Q

how was the last issue of surgery (bleeding) tackled?

A

first blood groups discovered. by Karl Landsteiner making it possible to carry out blood transfusions

23
Q

organ transplants were first developed in the

A

20th century

24
Q

what made organ transplants possible

A

modern techniques and technology

25
Q

benefits of the NHS

A

free for anyone
access to treatment improve
and lots more

26
Q

negatives of NHS

A

Uks population is growing so people are living longer meaning more people are using the NHS making it more expensive
longer waiting times

27
Q

modern drugs

A

drugs can be mass produced

but need to go through many trials

28
Q

stage one of developing antibiotics

A
  • Alexander Flemming discovered penicillin by chance
  • realised it killed bacteria
  • didnt experiment any further as he didn’t think it could work to kill of bacteria in living people
29
Q

stage two of developing antibiotics

A
  • 10 years later Florey and Chain came across Flemmings notes about penicillin and experimented
  • tested on mice
  • took along time to grow enough penicillin for it to work on humans but by 1941 they had enough
  • tested it on a police man who had blood poisoning and it worked
  • somehow they needed to produce penicillin on an industrial scale
30
Q

stage three of developing antibiotics

A
  • British companies wouldn’t mass produce penicillin as they were too by with the war
  • however the American government saw the potential of penicillin in treating soliders
  • by 1944, there was enough penicillin to treat all the allied soldiers wounded on D-day
31
Q

problems with antibiotics

A

as they were used more and more, disease became resistant to them
meaning scientists had to discover more antibiotics which could tackle new strands of bacteria

32
Q

Vaccination campaigns

A

since the 1940s, the government has run large campaigns to vaccinate children against disease

33
Q

what was the first vaccination campaign about

A

1942, Diphtheria, people felt that the crowded conditions in air raid shelters would cause an epidemic
-due to the vaccination Diphtheria cases fell

34
Q

what was the second vaccination campaign about

A

1950s, Polio, when a famous footballer died from Polio so demand became so high it had to be flown in from America

35
Q

what Government laws were passed designed to help people be healthier

A
  • clean air acts
  • smoking banned from all workplaces in 2007
  • food packaging must display nurtitional values to encourage people to eat healthier
36
Q

healthy lifestyle campaigns

A

-fundig large advertising campaigns which warned people about the dangers of smoking, bad diet and set up things like ‘Stoptober’ and ‘Change for life’

37
Q

Lung cancer is the __ most common cancer

A

2nd

38
Q

about __% of lung cancer cases are from smokers

A

85%

39
Q

not until 19___s they realised lung cancer was linked to ___

A

1950s

smoking

40
Q

new technology helped with diagnosing lung cancer

A

CT scans - see with detail inside the body
patients injected with dye so lungs show up on scan
Bronchoscope - put into lungs to take a cell sample for testing

41
Q

treating lung cancer

A

removing all or part of the lung
lung transplant
radiotherapy (shrinking cancer with radiation
chemotherapy (shrinking cancer with drugs)

42
Q

scientists are working on a ___ treatment for lung cancer

A

genetic

43
Q

preventing lung cancer

A
  • cigarette advertising banned since 2005
  • smoking banned from all workplaces since 2007
  • legal age to buy tobacco was raised to 18 in 2007
  • made illegal to smoke in car that had a child in it in 2015
  • government made cigarettes more expensive making people less likely to buy them
44
Q

there is also a focus on ___ ___ ___ ___ so that is a better chance of treating it

A

sporting lung cancer early