Modern Medicine, c.1900-present Flashcards
In 1953 James Watson and Francis Crick identified ___ as the substance that passes information on from parent to child
DNA
what structure did Crick and Watson Come up with about DNA
the double helix
who were Watson and crick helped by
Rosalin Franklin and Maurice Wilkins who produced close up x-ray images
why so knowing the structure of DNA important
meant scientists could now work out which parts cause hereditary diseases
what was launched in 1990
The human genome project
why was the human genome project set up
to identify the complete set of DNA which makes up human beings
how many years did the human genome project take to complete
10 years
how many scientists did it require
hundreds from around the world
why can scientists now benefit from the human genome projects
use it as a blue print to look at faults in the DNA of people with genetic diseases
what 3 main things have we learnt within your lifestyle affects your health
smoking - cancer, high blood pressed
unprotetced sex , tanning, drugs and alcohol
diet
when were blood pressure monitors first used
1880s
when were X-rays first used
1890s
when were Endoscopes first used
1900s
when were blood tests first used
1930s
when were CT scans first used
1970s
what were blood pressure monitors used for
diagnosing high/low blood pressure
what were X-rays used for
seeing inside the body without surgery
what were Endoscopes used for
camera on the end of a thin tube, used for looking inside the body
what were blood tests used for
testing for conditions without surgery
what were CT scans used for
a more advanced type of Xray, used to find tumours and growths
what are Magic bullets
chemical medicines that attacked disease whilst leaving the rest of the body unharmed
how was the last issue of surgery (bleeding) tackled?
first blood groups discovered. by Karl Landsteiner making it possible to carry out blood transfusions
organ transplants were first developed in the
20th century
what made organ transplants possible
modern techniques and technology
benefits of the NHS
free for anyone
access to treatment improve
and lots more
negatives of NHS
Uks population is growing so people are living longer meaning more people are using the NHS making it more expensive
longer waiting times
modern drugs
drugs can be mass produced
but need to go through many trials
stage one of developing antibiotics
- Alexander Flemming discovered penicillin by chance
- realised it killed bacteria
- didnt experiment any further as he didn’t think it could work to kill of bacteria in living people
stage two of developing antibiotics
- 10 years later Florey and Chain came across Flemmings notes about penicillin and experimented
- tested on mice
- took along time to grow enough penicillin for it to work on humans but by 1941 they had enough
- tested it on a police man who had blood poisoning and it worked
- somehow they needed to produce penicillin on an industrial scale
stage three of developing antibiotics
- British companies wouldn’t mass produce penicillin as they were too by with the war
- however the American government saw the potential of penicillin in treating soliders
- by 1944, there was enough penicillin to treat all the allied soldiers wounded on D-day
problems with antibiotics
as they were used more and more, disease became resistant to them
meaning scientists had to discover more antibiotics which could tackle new strands of bacteria
Vaccination campaigns
since the 1940s, the government has run large campaigns to vaccinate children against disease
what was the first vaccination campaign about
1942, Diphtheria, people felt that the crowded conditions in air raid shelters would cause an epidemic
-due to the vaccination Diphtheria cases fell
what was the second vaccination campaign about
1950s, Polio, when a famous footballer died from Polio so demand became so high it had to be flown in from America
what Government laws were passed designed to help people be healthier
- clean air acts
- smoking banned from all workplaces in 2007
- food packaging must display nurtitional values to encourage people to eat healthier
healthy lifestyle campaigns
-fundig large advertising campaigns which warned people about the dangers of smoking, bad diet and set up things like ‘Stoptober’ and ‘Change for life’
Lung cancer is the __ most common cancer
2nd
about __% of lung cancer cases are from smokers
85%
not until 19___s they realised lung cancer was linked to ___
1950s
smoking
new technology helped with diagnosing lung cancer
CT scans - see with detail inside the body
patients injected with dye so lungs show up on scan
Bronchoscope - put into lungs to take a cell sample for testing
treating lung cancer
removing all or part of the lung
lung transplant
radiotherapy (shrinking cancer with radiation
chemotherapy (shrinking cancer with drugs)
scientists are working on a ___ treatment for lung cancer
genetic
preventing lung cancer
- cigarette advertising banned since 2005
- smoking banned from all workplaces since 2007
- legal age to buy tobacco was raised to 18 in 2007
- made illegal to smoke in car that had a child in it in 2015
- government made cigarettes more expensive making people less likely to buy them
there is also a focus on ___ ___ ___ ___ so that is a better chance of treating it
sporting lung cancer early
