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Medicine Through Time c.1250-Present > Medicine in the Industrial Period c.1700-1900 > Flashcards

Medicine in the Industrial Period c.1700-1900 Flashcards

1
Q

industrial revolution was a time of

A

rapid progress in technology

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2
Q

the church continued top have …. power than before

A

less

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3
Q

there was a ___ revolution. ____ scientific ideas began to replace old ones

A

scientific, new

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4
Q

Spontaneous generation

A

a new theory developed in the early 1700s

idea that disease was caused by small living things (bacteria) that were created by decaying things e.g rotting food

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5
Q

why was the theory of spontaneous generation wrong

A

bacteria are the cause of decay not created by it

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6
Q

what was the theory of spontaneous generation replaced by

A

the germ theory

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7
Q

who invented the germ theory

A

louis pasteur

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8
Q

how did Pasteur come up with this theory

A

studying wine vinegar he realised that living things in the air (germs) were what caused things to go ‘bad’

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9
Q

what did pasteur suggest

A

if germs caused things to decay, then they might also cause disease and infection

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10
Q

why did the germ theory have little impact in Britain to begin with

A
  • Spontaneous generation was still promoted by doctors
  • pasteur wasn’t a doctor so got ignored
  • doctors argued that bacteria could be seen in healthy people so how could something that was everywhere in the body be harmful
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11
Q

who was Robert Koch

A
  • the first person to identify a specific germ

- also discovered which germs caused tuberculosis and cholera

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12
Q

what was his simple method of studying bacteria

A
  • grew them in a jelly substance
  • coloured them with dye
  • then photographed them under a microscope
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13
Q

how did Robert koch help

A

thanks to him other scientist discovered more germs

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14
Q

despite the new germ theorys people still believed in ____

A

miasma

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15
Q

why did miasma seem like a logical theory

A

industrial cities were filled with smoke and filth

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16
Q

what caused the great stink

A

all of Londons waste was emptied into the river thames

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17
Q

what did the government do as a result of the great stink

A

as the smell was so bad near parliament it finally encouraged the government to build proper sewers

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18
Q

what other theories about disease had died out in the industrial period

A

4 humours

god sent disease as a punishment

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19
Q

how many hospitals were there in 1700s

A

5

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20
Q

what were conditions like in hospitals

A

unhygienic

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21
Q

a major change in hospital care was that ___ ____ had access to proper ,medical care for the first time

A

poor people

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22
Q

what did Florence Nightingale do to hospital care

A

she transformed hospital care in the second half of the 19th century

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23
Q

what 3 things did Florence change about hospitals

A
  • ordered them to be throughly cleaned
  • made sure people got fresh clothing and bedding
  • focused on getting fresh air through the building
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24
Q

what did the death rate at Scutari drop to due to Florences work

A

from 40% to 2%

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25
what impact did Florence have on hospital care in Britain
encouraged more women to become nurses | new hospitals were based on her advice
26
before the 1800s what were the 3 major problems with surgery
pain infection bleeding
27
who tackled the problem of pain
james simpson
28
what was the first effective anaesthetic called
chloroform vapour
29
problems with chloroform
easy to overdose and kill patient sometimes affected the heart many people felt pain relief went against gods plan
30
which famous person used chloroform during childbirth in 1853
Queen Victoria
31
who tackled the problem with infection
Joseph lister
32
before doctors knew about germs patients would often survive surgery and then die after from
infections like sepsis and gangrene
33
after studying there germ theory Lister realised germs must cause
infection
34
what was the first antiseptic
carbolic acid
35
why was carbolic acid used
it killed germs /infection
36
antiseptics were slow to catch on because Lister
couldn't explain the science behind them
37
what did listers work with antiseptics make doctors more aware of?
germs and helped improve hospitals in the long run
38
by 1900 what 3 things did hospitals do
surgical equipment was sterilised operating theatres were cleaned surgeons wore gloves, gowns and masks
39
By 1900, cleanliness had become ____ in hospitals
standard
40
The public health act 1848
first public health act | told local councils to provide clean water supplies, but few did as it was not compulsory
41
what did Edwin Chadwick do in 1842
published a report about the health of the working classes
42
what did Edwin chadwicks report show
how unhealthy Britains cities were and said the government should do more like provide clean water and sewage facilities
43
1852
government made smallpox vaccination compulsory although it wasn't enforced until 1872
44
1860s
following the great stink of 1858, the government built a modern sewage system in London
45
The second public health act 1875
second public health act | brought stricter rules for local councils to follow (compulsory)
46
what happened as a result of all these government actions
epidemics of these major diseases become less common
47
what type of attitude did the government have towards healthcare
laissez-faire
48
what does laissez-faire mean
leave be
49
1875 (second) public health act
- provide clean water - build proper sewage facilities - build public toilets - employ a public health officer to monitor disease - have better building regulations to stop overcrowding in cities - make sure shops sell good quality foods - provide a public park so people can exercise
50
who developed the first vaccinations
Edward Jenner
51
before Jenner people tried to prevent small pox by being
inoculated
52
what does inoculated mean
when someone is given a small dose of the disease sop that their body would become immune to it
53
what were the risks with being inoculated
people may catch the full disease
54
what did Edward Jenner realise about the milkmaids
that they didnt catch small pox because had a similar disease called cowpox (non Fatal) which made them immune to smallpox
55
In 1796 jenner experimented by infecting a ___ ___, called James Phipps with cowpox
young boy
56
after a few weeks what did Jenner find out
the boy had become immune to smallpox
57
Jenner called this process
vaccination
58
vaccination was __ __ than inoculation
much safer
59
why was vaccination much safer than inoculation
because it gave the patient a weakened strain of the disease rather than the full version
60
in 1852 they made vaccination ___
compulsory | yet it wasn't enforced till 1872
61
other scientists were ___ by jenners work
inspired
62
louis Pasteur developed the next vaccinations for diseases like
chicken cholera rabies anthrax
63
limitations of Jenners work
it was only a one off discovery that only prevented one disease there was oppositions form the church
64
why did people oppose of vaccinations?
- felt it was unnatural - many scientists didn't trust Jenner beaqcuse he was just a country doctor - doctors preferred to stick to inoculation - royal society refused to share his ideas
65
impact of jenners work short term
vaccination was slow to catch on in britain at first but it soon saved many lives
66
impact of jenners work long term
- inspired other people to come up with more vaccinations - encouraged government to get involved in public health - by late 1800s vaccinations became 'normal'
67
what were there several serious outbreaks of in the 1800s
cholera
68
how did people try and prevent cholera
thought it was caused by bad air so tried to prevent it by clearing up dirty streets
69
In 1854 there was a serious ___ of cholera in London
epidemic
70
what was John Snows new theory about what caused cholera ?
he thought it was caused by dirty water not bad air
71
what did John snow do
- created a map of all the cholera deaths in his area, most deaths seemed to be round the Broadstreet pump - tested his theory by removing the handle of the pump so people couldn't use the water there - realised the area began to clear up fairly quickly proving it most likely was being caused by the pump
72
what had happened to the Broadstreet pump
a nearby cesspit had been leaking into the water and this caused the people who drank the water to develop chloera
73
why did snow show his evidence to the government
so he could suggest they built a proper sewer system
74
what impact did John snow have
- government was willing to listen because he was a respected doctor (worked with Queen Victoria, gave her anaesthetic - government invested in new sewage system - snow couldn't explain the science behind his theory as he died beef the germ theory was invented
75
summary of John snow
had a big immediate impact in the Broadstreet area | but it took some them for his ides to have a wider impact
76
similarities from the previous period
miasma | herbal remedies
77
improvements since renaissance
- spontaneous generation - germ theory - better/more hospitals - two major problems in surgery tackled (infection, pain) - vaccination - government took more action when it came to public health - John snow and cholera

Medicine Through Time c.1250-Present (6 decks)

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