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Medicine Through Time c.1250-Present > Medicine in the Industrial Period c.1700-1900 > Flashcards

Medicine in the Industrial Period c.1700-1900 Flashcards

1
Q

industrial revolution was a time of

A

rapid progress in technology

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2
Q

the church continued top have …. power than before

A

less

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3
Q

there was a ___ revolution. ____ scientific ideas began to replace old ones

A

scientific, new

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4
Q

Spontaneous generation

A

a new theory developed in the early 1700s

idea that disease was caused by small living things (bacteria) that were created by decaying things e.g rotting food

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5
Q

why was the theory of spontaneous generation wrong

A

bacteria are the cause of decay not created by it

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6
Q

what was the theory of spontaneous generation replaced by

A

the germ theory

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7
Q

who invented the germ theory

A

louis pasteur

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8
Q

how did Pasteur come up with this theory

A

studying wine vinegar he realised that living things in the air (germs) were what caused things to go ‘bad’

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9
Q

what did pasteur suggest

A

if germs caused things to decay, then they might also cause disease and infection

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10
Q

why did the germ theory have little impact in Britain to begin with

A
  • Spontaneous generation was still promoted by doctors
  • pasteur wasn’t a doctor so got ignored
  • doctors argued that bacteria could be seen in healthy people so how could something that was everywhere in the body be harmful
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11
Q

who was Robert Koch

A
  • the first person to identify a specific germ

- also discovered which germs caused tuberculosis and cholera

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12
Q

what was his simple method of studying bacteria

A
  • grew them in a jelly substance
  • coloured them with dye
  • then photographed them under a microscope
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13
Q

how did Robert koch help

A

thanks to him other scientist discovered more germs

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14
Q

despite the new germ theorys people still believed in ____

A

miasma

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15
Q

why did miasma seem like a logical theory

A

industrial cities were filled with smoke and filth

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16
Q

what caused the great stink

A

all of Londons waste was emptied into the river thames

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17
Q

what did the government do as a result of the great stink

A

as the smell was so bad near parliament it finally encouraged the government to build proper sewers

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18
Q

what other theories about disease had died out in the industrial period

A

4 humours

god sent disease as a punishment

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19
Q

how many hospitals were there in 1700s

A

5

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20
Q

what were conditions like in hospitals

A

unhygienic

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21
Q

a major change in hospital care was that ___ ____ had access to proper ,medical care for the first time

A

poor people

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22
Q

what did Florence Nightingale do to hospital care

A

she transformed hospital care in the second half of the 19th century

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23
Q

what 3 things did Florence change about hospitals

A
  • ordered them to be throughly cleaned
  • made sure people got fresh clothing and bedding
  • focused on getting fresh air through the building
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24
Q

what did the death rate at Scutari drop to due to Florences work

A

from 40% to 2%

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25
Q

what impact did Florence have on hospital care in Britain

A

encouraged more women to become nurses

new hospitals were based on her advice

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26
Q

before the 1800s what were the 3 major problems with surgery

A

pain
infection
bleeding

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27
Q

who tackled the problem of pain

A

james simpson

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28
Q

what was the first effective anaesthetic called

A

chloroform vapour

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29
Q

problems with chloroform

A

easy to overdose and kill patient
sometimes affected the heart
many people felt pain relief went against gods plan

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30
Q

which famous person used chloroform during childbirth in 1853

A

Queen Victoria

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31
Q

who tackled the problem with infection

A

Joseph lister

32
Q

before doctors knew about germs patients would often survive surgery and then die after from

A

infections like sepsis and gangrene

33
Q

after studying there germ theory Lister realised germs must cause

A

infection

34
Q

what was the first antiseptic

A

carbolic acid

35
Q

why was carbolic acid used

A

it killed germs /infection

36
Q

antiseptics were slow to catch on because Lister

A

couldn’t explain the science behind them

37
Q

what did listers work with antiseptics make doctors more aware of?

A

germs and helped improve hospitals in the long run

38
Q

by 1900 what 3 things did hospitals do

A

surgical equipment was sterilised
operating theatres were cleaned
surgeons wore gloves, gowns and masks

39
Q

By 1900, cleanliness had become ____ in hospitals

A

standard

40
Q

The public health act 1848

A

first public health act

told local councils to provide clean water supplies, but few did as it was not compulsory

41
Q

what did Edwin Chadwick do in 1842

A

published a report about the health of the working classes

42
Q

what did Edwin chadwicks report show

A

how unhealthy Britains cities were and said the government should do more like provide clean water and sewage facilities

43
Q

1852

A

government made smallpox vaccination compulsory although it wasn’t enforced until 1872

44
Q

1860s

A

following the great stink of 1858, the government built a modern sewage system in London

45
Q

The second public health act 1875

A

second public health act

brought stricter rules for local councils to follow (compulsory)

46
Q

what happened as a result of all these government actions

A

epidemics of these major diseases become less common

47
Q

what type of attitude did the government have towards healthcare

A

laissez-faire

48
Q

what does laissez-faire mean

A

leave be

49
Q

1875 (second) public health act

A
  • provide clean water
  • build proper sewage facilities
  • build public toilets
  • employ a public health officer to monitor disease
  • have better building regulations to stop overcrowding in cities
  • make sure shops sell good quality foods
  • provide a public park so people can exercise
50
Q

who developed the first vaccinations

A

Edward Jenner

51
Q

before Jenner people tried to prevent small pox by being

A

inoculated

52
Q

what does inoculated mean

A

when someone is given a small dose of the disease sop that their body would become immune to it

53
Q

what were the risks with being inoculated

A

people may catch the full disease

54
Q

what did Edward Jenner realise about the milkmaids

A

that they didnt catch small pox because had a similar disease called cowpox (non Fatal) which made them immune to smallpox

55
Q

In 1796 jenner experimented by infecting a ___ ___, called James Phipps with cowpox

A

young boy

56
Q

after a few weeks what did Jenner find out

A

the boy had become immune to smallpox

57
Q

Jenner called this process

A

vaccination

58
Q

vaccination was __ __ than inoculation

A

much safer

59
Q

why was vaccination much safer than inoculation

A

because it gave the patient a weakened strain of the disease rather than the full version

60
Q

in 1852 they made vaccination ___

A

compulsory

yet it wasn’t enforced till 1872

61
Q

other scientists were ___ by jenners work

A

inspired

62
Q

louis Pasteur developed the next vaccinations for diseases like

A

chicken cholera
rabies
anthrax

63
Q

limitations of Jenners work

A

it was only a one off discovery that only prevented one disease
there was oppositions form the church

64
Q

why did people oppose of vaccinations?

A
  • felt it was unnatural
  • many scientists didn’t trust Jenner beaqcuse he was just a country doctor
  • doctors preferred to stick to inoculation
  • royal society refused to share his ideas
65
Q

impact of jenners work short term

A

vaccination was slow to catch on in britain at first but it soon saved many lives

66
Q

impact of jenners work long term

A
  • inspired other people to come up with more vaccinations
  • encouraged government to get involved in public health
  • by late 1800s vaccinations became ‘normal’
67
Q

what were there several serious outbreaks of in the 1800s

A

cholera

68
Q

how did people try and prevent cholera

A

thought it was caused by bad air so tried to prevent it by clearing up dirty streets

69
Q

In 1854 there was a serious ___ of cholera in London

A

epidemic

70
Q

what was John Snows new theory about what caused cholera ?

A

he thought it was caused by dirty water not bad air

71
Q

what did John snow do

A
  • created a map of all the cholera deaths in his area, most deaths seemed to be round the Broadstreet pump
  • tested his theory by removing the handle of the pump so people couldn’t use the water there
  • realised the area began to clear up fairly quickly proving it most likely was being caused by the pump
72
Q

what had happened to the Broadstreet pump

A

a nearby cesspit had been leaking into the water and this caused the people who drank the water to develop chloera

73
Q

why did snow show his evidence to the government

A

so he could suggest they built a proper sewer system

74
Q

what impact did John snow have

A
  • government was willing to listen because he was a respected doctor (worked with Queen Victoria, gave her anaesthetic
  • government invested in new sewage system
  • snow couldn’t explain the science behind his theory as he died beef the germ theory was invented
75
Q

summary of John snow

A

had a big immediate impact in the Broadstreet area

but it took some them for his ides to have a wider impact

76
Q

similarities from the previous period

A

miasma

herbal remedies

77
Q

improvements since renaissance

A
  • spontaneous generation
  • germ theory
  • better/more hospitals
  • two major problems in surgery tackled (infection, pain)
  • vaccination
  • government took more action when it came to public health
  • John snow and cholera

Medicine Through Time c.1250-Present (6 decks)

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