Modern India

Question 1

What is a general framework of Modern India?

Answer 1

1. Later Mughals & Decline of the Empire
2. Advent of the Europeans (Portugese-Dutch-British-Danish-French)
3. Establishment of the Company’s rule
   - Battle of Plassey (1757), Battle of Buxar (1764)
4. Company’s Rule (1773-1858)
   - Key Governor Generals
5. Resistance to British Rule and 1857 Uprising
6. Crown’s Rule
   - Rise of Indian Nationalism
   - Political Associations in India
   - Birth of the INC and Muslim League
   - Gandhian Era
   - WW1
7. 2nd World War and Indian Independence w/ Partition
8. Up to Rajiv Gandhi

Question 2

What was the general timeline of the advent of the Europeans?

Answer 2

1. 1st to enter was Vasco da Gama in Calicut in 1498. He reached via direct sea route just before Babur’s win in Panipat against Lodhi.
2. Portugese were followed by the Dutch who ousted them from SE Asia in 1596
3. British entered through the Merchant Adventurer’s company (15yr monopoly on E.Trade) around when Jahangir was in rule. Brits did away with the Dutch.
4. Danish later entered but were only interested in Conversion and sold their porfolio to the EIC and quit by 1845.
5. French came in last and tussled with the Brits over 3 Carnatic Wars. Dupleix key French General that conceptualized Subsidiary Alliance. They lost to the Brits at Wandiwash (Brits used their wins from Plassey in Bengal) in 1760.

Question 3

What is a general timeline of events leading to the EIC’s early presence in India?

Answer 3

1. 1608 - William Hawkins went to Jahangir who appointed him as a Mansabdar
2. 1611 - British started trading in Masulipatnam
3. 1632 - Sultan of Goldconda issued the Royal Farman setting a free trade system with a fized customs duty.
4. 1715 - Farukh Siyar granted the Farman known as the Magna Carta to the EIC, thereby allowing for an exemption on additional customs duties on EIC imports and exports in Bengalm Bombay and Madras. The EIC was also permitted to issue dastaks, and to rent more land around Calcutta while also permitting coin mintage rights.

Question 4

What are the key events around Aurangzeb’s demise?

What was his governance structure?

Important Players?

Big Developments?

Answer 4

1. Aurangzeb dies in 1707 and is succeeded by Bahadur Shah who releases Shahu (Sivaji’s son who was impriosned by A’zeb)
2. Shahu & Sivaji 2 (Rajaram’s son) fight and Shahu is victorious and sets up Chatrapati rule in Satara
3. Aurangzeb’s empire was decentralized and governed by Subahdars in charge of a Subah. They maintained Diwani (rev. admin) and Nizam (law and order). They appointed Jagirdars and Zamindars.

Question 5

What were the key events that took place for the EIC in Bengal?

What happened in the Battle of Plassey?

Key Characters?

Outcomes?

Answer 5

1. Siraj-Ud-Daulah was the new Mughal ruler in 1756 and he placed Mir Madan as the Diwan. Mir Jafar (the former Diwan) conspired with the British and the Battle of Plassey was fought in 1757 between SuD and Robert Clive’s British Forces.
2. Clive won the Battle of Plassey in 1757 and he made Mir Jafar the Nawab of Bengal, but he posted an English resident in the court.
3. A historic treaty was signed in 1760 wherein Mir Jafar was removed and the English placed another puppet, Mir Kasim to ensure they get important districts while shifting the capital to Munger.

Question 6

What happened in the Battle of Buxar 1764?

What important Treat was signed?

When was dual government done away with?

Answer 6

1. The EIC was heavily misuing the dastak rights granted earlier through the royal farman and the magna carta farman, and this led to a tussle with Mir Kasim (the guy they had installed after Plassey)
2. The disputes led to the Battle of Buxar in 1763-64 wherein the Mughals (Mir Kasim, Nawab of Awadh and Shah Alam II) were beaten by Hector Munroe.
3. Treaty of Allahabad 1765- placed Shah Allam II in residence at Allahabad and Diwani of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa was granted to the Britsh. This led to a dual governemnt in Bengal where in the EIC and the Nawab of Bengal both had control, looting the public.

NOTE: Dual Gov done away with by Warren Hastings in 1772.

Question 7

What were the kinds of regional powers when the EIC was cementing its position?

Answer 7

1. Succession States: ruled by Mughal governors who started behaving like independent states
   - Hyderabad (Nizam of Hyd Asaf Jah 1724)
   - Bengal (Murshid Quli Khan 1717)
   - Awadh (Saadat Khan Burhan ul Mulk 1722)
2. Rebellion States - enemies of Mughals
   - Marathas (chatrapatis and peshwas)
   - Sikhs (12 MISLS, Ranjit Singh the uniter)
   - Bangash Pathans
   - Rohilkhand (1721 Ali Mhd. Khan)
   - Jats of Baratpur - Bandan Singh
3. Other States
   - Mysore - Wodeyars, Haider Ali, Tipu
   - Travancore- Raja Marthanda Varma
   - Local rulers in East of India

Question 8

What were the major factors associated with the decline of the Mughals?

Answer 8

1. The Pan-Indian Empire suffered from troop mobilization and communication issues
2. Slow bleeding out of Mughal treasury by rulers like Jahangir, Farrukhsiyar, Muhammad Shah (rangeela)
3. Lack of established succession meant constant fratridical wars.
4. Inadequate protection on the NW corridor led to greater Afghan invasion by Durrani aka Abdali and Irani aka Nadir that destabilized their rule.
5. Advent of well-coordinated, merit-based europeans such as Hastings, Clive, Munroe.
6. Economic practices like auctioning of land (Ijarah) sidelined the farmers
7. Disloyal mansabdars

Question 9

What role did the State of Mysore play in the EIC’s development?

Any important wars?

What were the outcomes?

What British political instrument was placed eventually in Mysore?

Answer 9

1. The 1st Anglo-Mysore war was launched in 1768-69 and the Nizam of Hyderabad, Marathas and the English allied together to dethrone Haider Ali. Haider Ali won and made them sign a humiliating Treaty of Madras in 1769.
2. The 2nd Anglo-Mysore war (1780-84) concluded with the Treaty of Mangalore in 1784, and Haider Ali died and his son Tipu Sultan took place.
3. 3rd Anglo-Mysore War - Tipu was defeated by the EIC and the Treaty of Seringapatnam was signed. He lost half of Mysore territory.
4. 4th Anglo-Mysore war - Seringapatnam fell completely and a Hindu from the Wodeyar families was chosen to be the Maharaja.

Answer: Subsidiary Alliance

Question 10

What was Tipu Sultan known for?

Answer 10

1. Pioneer of rocket technology
2. Introduced the practice of sericulture
3. Member of Jacobin club
4. Planted a liberty tree at Seringapatnam

Question 11

What was the Subsidiary Alliance system?

Who introduced it?

Answer 11

1. Subsidiary Alliance was basically a treaty between the British East India Company and the Indian princely states, by virtue of which the Indian kingdoms lost their sovereignty to the English. Brits placed their military in liue of the royal army, and a brit delegate and assured protection w/o involvement (rarely kept)
2. It also was a major process that led to the building of the British Empire in India. It was framed by Lord Wellesley, the Governor-General of India from 1798 to 1805. It was actually used for the first time by the French Governor-General Marquis Dupleix.
3. The Nawab of Awadh was the first ruler to enter into the subsidiary alliance with the British after the Battle of Buxar. However, the Nizam of Hyderabad was the first to accept a well-framed subsidiary alliance.

Question 12

What was the interplay between the EIC and thee Marathas over the years?

Who were the main Maratha royal families?

Answer 12

1. The prominent clans were the SG (Scindias of Gwalior), HI (Holkars of Indore), GB (Gaekwads of Baroda), BN (Bhonsles of Nagpur), PP (Peshawars of Poona).
2. The 1st A-M War (1775) - Raghunath Rao (now Peshwa rule underway) signed the Treat of Surat where he conceded territory to the English (cemented by Treaty of Purandhar). His Bajirao, Nana Phadnavis violated the treaty leading to a war in Pune.
3. 2nd A-M War (1803-05): Bajirao II and the Holkars were in dispute and the Bajirao turned to the English for help where in he surrendered Surat and gave up Chaut (military protection tax) on the Nizam’s dominion. Bajirao II accepted subsidiary alliance and even after Scindia and Bhonsle tried, they were defeated.
4. 3rd A-M War - Bajirao II tried a last attempt to fight the british, but they lost and the territory was all ceded to the british.

Question 13

Did the Sindh ever accept subsidiary alliance?

Answer 13

1. Yes. The Sindh accepted subsidiary alliance in 18939. In 1843, under GG Ellenborough, sindh was merged into the Brit empire and Charles Napier was its first governor.

Question 14

What was the EIC’s interplay with Punjab and the Sikhs?

Any important treaties signed?

Answer 14

1. The Treaty of Amritsar (1809): It was signed by Ranjit Singh and the English where Sutlej was accepted as the boundary line of the dominion. He was also made to signh a tripartite treaty with the Singh.
2. 1st Anglo-Sikh war (1845-46): J&K was sold to Gulab Singh
3. 2nd Anglo-Sikh war (1848-49): Dalhouse proceeded to Punjab and after 3 battles, annexed Punjab in 1849.

Question 15

What were the important movements and leaders of socio-religious reforms in India during this time?

Answer 15

1. Atmiya Sabha (1815), Brahmo Samaj (1828) : Raja Rammohun Roy - against sati.
2. Tatvabodhini Sabha: Debendranath Tagore - studied India’s past rationally
3. Indian Reforms Association - Keshab Chandra Sen - Women’s Rights champion. Wanted to improve peasants life.
4. Young Bengal Movement: Derozio
5. Sanskir College: Ishwarchandra Vidyasagar - allowed non-brahmins into school and supported widow remarriage
6. Satyashodak Samaj - Jyotiba Phule - promoted women’s education
7. Ramakrishna Mission - Swami Vivekananda - Parliament of Religions Chicago 1893.
8. Dharma Sabha, British India Association - Radhakanth Deb

Question 16

Other important conferences & movements?

Answer 16

1. Self respect movement - Ramaswamy Naicker - anti-brahmin
2. Wahabi movement - Shah Walliullah
3. Deoband school - Mhmd Qasim Nanotavi - Revivalist movement organized by Ulema
4. Theosophical movement- HP Blavtsky and MS Olcott - Allied with hindu renaissance and Annie Besant was elected president.

Question 17

What were some important women’s movements in the Modern India period?

Answer 17

1. Bengal Regulations of 1795 and 1804: Declared infanticide illegal and it was compulsory for parents to register birth of all babies.
2. Abolition of Sati (1829) - Done away under William Bentinck as a result of RRRoy support.
3. Hindu Window Remarriage Act (1856) - Passed by tremendous efforts by Ishwarachandra Vidyasagar
4. Native Marriage Act (1872) - Act prohibited child marriage
5. Age of Consent Act (1891) - Act forbade marriage of girls below 12
6. Sarda act (1930): Marriageable age pushed to 18 for boys and 14 for girls.
7. Indian Women’s University (1916): Set up by DK Darve who took up the women’s cause in Western India.

Question 18

What was the role of women in the Indian freedom Struggle?

Answer 18

1. During Swadeshi movement the women boycotted British goods and used swadeshi goods.
2. Sarala Debi Chaudhurani got involved in a Bengali youth revolutionary movement for women
3. Sarojini Naidu, in 1917, led a delegation to meet Sect of State Montagu to demand female franchise
4. Gandhi shifted focus from motherhood to sisterhood by negating female sexuality.
5. In the NonCoop movement in 1920, Gandhi initially prescribed a limited role of women to boycott and swadeshi but then women claimed a greater role.
6. In Civil Disobedience as well Gandhi didn’t want them initially.
7. Mainly urban and guys like SC Bose got them in the INA as well i.e Jhansi regiment.

Question 19

List important Indian Press-related acts passed by Governor Generals/Viceroys

Answer 19

1. Censorship of Press Act, 1799 - Lord Wellesley
2. Licensing Regulation Act, 1823 - John Adams
3. Press Act/Metcalfe Act, 1835 - Liberator of Indian press
4. Registration Act 1876 - regulated Metcalfe act
5. Vernacular Press Act 1878 - gagging act, discriminatory and targeted at revolutionary magazines being written in vernacular. Act repealed by Rippon 1882.
6. Official Secret Act, 1904 - Curzon
7. Newspaper Act 1908 - to restrict revolutionary press
8. Indian Press Act, 1910 - brought back gagging rules
9. Indian Press (Emergency Powers) Act, 1931 - Act gave sweeping powers to provincial gov’s to suppress CDM.

Question 20

What was considered the Magna Carta of English Education in India?

Any big universities set up?

Answer 20

The Charles Woods Dispatch (1854) repudiated downward filtration theory (Macaulay’s Minutes) and focused on educating the masses in English. Grants were given and English was recommended as the medium of instruction for higher studies while vernacular at the school level.

In 1857, Universities were set up in Calcutta, Bombay and Madras and an Agriculture Institute and Engineering Institute were set up by Curzon.

Question 21

What are 15 important newspapers and magazines?

Hints: Bengal, Bombay, Hindu, Indian, Swadesh etc.

Answer 21

1. Bengal Gazette, 1780, James hickey - 1st in India
2. Bombay Times, 1838 (ToI 1861 onwards) - Thomas Bennett
3. Rast Goftar., 1851, Dadabai Naoroji
4. Hindu Patriot, 1853, Girishchandra Ghosh
5. Indian Mirrior, 1862, Devendranath Tagore
6. Shome Prakash, 1859, Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar
7. Bengalee, 1862, Girishchandra Ghosh - this + Amrita Bazar Patrika were the 1st vernacular papers.
8. Amrita Patrika Bazaar 1868, Sisirkumar Ghosh and Motilal Ghosh
9. The Hindu, 1878, G.S. Aiyar & Co.
10. Kesari and Maharatta, 1881, Tilak & Chiplunkar
11. Swadeshamitram, G.S. Aiyar
12. Bande Mataram, Bhikaji Cama
13. Hindustan Times, 1920, KM Panikkar
14. Bahishkrit Bharat, BR Amedkar
15. National Herald, 1938, J Nehru

Question 22

What were some important administrative acts that were implemented through the Raj leading up to independence?

Discuss in terms of Administrative, Police and Judicial.

Answer 22

1. The Civil Services were introduced by Cornwallis (Indians trained at Fort William in Indian languages and customs).
   - Exam conducted in English in England based on classical learnings of Greek and Latin.
   - Satyendra Nath Tagore was 1st Indian in the ICS
2. In 1791, Cornwallis also organized a regular police force (Thanas under a daroga and an SP at the top)
   - William Bentinck abloshed the SP office and made the DC/DM the police force head
   - Police Act 1861 added inspector general, GIG and SP
   - 1902 CID in provinces and CIB in centre
3. Under Bentick, Persian was replaced by English in the Supreme Court
   - 1833 Law Commission under Macaulay led to codification of Indian Laws i.e. Civil Procedure Code (1859), Indian Penal Code (1860), Criminal Procedure Code (1861).
   - In 1865, Sadar Adalats were merged into three high courts - Calcutta, Bombay and Madras
   - Under the GoI Act 1935, the first Federal Corut was established.

Question 23

Trace the development of the Indian Constitution from 1773 onwards till the Crown’s cemented role.

Hints: Regulating Act, Pitt’s India Act, Charter Acts 1, 2, 3, Gov of India Act 1858/Queen’s Proclamation, Indian Council’s Act 1861.

Answer 23

1. Regulating Act of 1773
   - Laid foundation for Brit admin, Governor of Bengal (EIC post) became GG of Bengal (Warren Hastings was the first), and Bombay and Madras were subordinates.
   - SC in Calcutta in 1774
2. Pitt’s India Act 1784
   - Distinguised the commercial function of the company under a Court of Directors and political functions under a Board of Control (chancellor, SoS and 4 members of Privy Council)
3. Charter Act 1813
   - Ended trading activities of the EIC but retained the trade with China and trade in Tea
4. CA 1833
   - Act made GGB as GGI, William Bentick to be the first. Bombay and Madras lost legislative powers as a result.
   - Act ended all commercial activities- of the company which was now just an admin body of the crown.
   - Territories governed by Crown
   - Slavery abolished by Ellenborough in 1843 as a result.
5. CA 1853
   - Act separated exec and legislative function of the GovGen Council and allowed Indians to try for civil service.
6. GOI Act 1858/Queen’s proclamation
   - Post 1857 revlot
   - transfer of power from the EIC to the British crown, and the GGI now called Viceroy, and Lord Canning was the first.
   - Secretary of State in India was created
   - Dual gov ended by abolishing difference between BoC and CoD
7. Indian Council’s Act 1861
   - Act decentralized power by restoring powers towards Bombay and Madras
   - Portfolio system was introduced by Canning in 1859 under which a member of Viceroy’s council was in charge of a department.

Question 24

What were the three infamous land settlement acts?

What role did they play in shaping the revolts by peasants?

Answer 24

1. Permanent Settlement
   - Introduced by Cornwallis in 1793 and covered 1/5th of British India territory
   - Izardar land auctioning given up, and Zamindars given hereditary rights to collect revenue over soil
   - However, fixed amount of land revenue to be paid to the Company and company could sell their land on failure to pay
   - Zamindars ruled with force
2. Ryotwari Settlement
   - Introduced by Thomas Munroe and Capt. Reed in Madras first and then extended
   - Settlement was made by the government directly with the cultivator (ryot) who was the proprietor but only temporarily.
   - Zamindars gone, but the predatorily high and no longer flat revenue prices introduced money lenders into the system as British demanded cash and no in-kind payments were allowed.
3. Mahalwari Settlement
   - Introduced during Hasting’s time, and it refers to an Estate of many cultivators (ryots).
   - In this system, all proprietors of the Mahal were jointly responsible for revenue charged.
   - This system made the village headman/mahal head the de facto Zamindar

Question 25

What were some important consequences of the land settlement acts?

Answer 25

1. Land became a commodity.
2. Earlier there was no private ownership of land. Even kings and cultivators did not consider land as his ‘private property’.
3. Due to the very high taxes, farmers resorted to growing cash crops instead of food crops. 4. This led to food insecurity and even famines.
4. Taxes on agricultural produce were moderate during pre-British times. The British made it very high.
5. Insistence on cash payment of revenue led to more indebtedness among farmers. Moneylenders became landowners in due course.
6. Bonded labour arose because loans were given to farmers/labourers who could not pay it back.
7. When India achieved freedom from colonial rule, 7% of the villagers (Zamindars/landowners) owned 75% of the agricultural land.

Question 26

What was the nature of the 1857 revolt?

Key Events?

Outcomes?

Did all Indians support?

Answer 26

1. It was the first expression of organised resistance against the British East India Company
2. It began as a revolt of the sepoys of the British East India Company’s army but eventually secured the participation of the masses. I.e. Mangal Pandey and the cow/pig greased bullets
3. British policy of expansion: The political causes of the revolt were the British policy of expansion through the Doctrine of Lapse and direct annexation. A large number of Indian rulers and chiefs were dislodged, thus arousing fear in the minds of other ruling families who apprehended a similar fate. Jhansi’s adopted son example.
4. Awadh annexation was blatant.
5. Western civilization encroachment and economic duress imposed by revenue collection efforts led to discontent amongst the masses.
6. English educated middle class stayed largely involved and even suppressed the revolt. Poor organization and leadership.
7. Revolt lasted a year and was eventually suppressed by the British. India came under direct control of the Crown who promised respect for local cultures and customs. DoL was abolished, and rights of Indian rulers recognized.
8. However, it was the first time a large portion of Indians were united under a common cause.

Question 27

What were some important famine commission outcomes?

Answer 27

1. Campbell
2. Strachey
3. Lyall
4. McDonnell

Essentially all Commissions suggested some alterations to land settlements, introduction of agricultural banks, irrigation facilities etc., but the land settlement system promoted the growth of mainly cash crops, and this resulted in greater famine and the British didn’t seem to care.

1877-78 Famie was perhaps the most grievous wherein 5mil people died in a single year.

Question 28

What were some of the important peasant revolts?

Hints: Indigo revolt, Pabna Agrarian Leagues, Kisan Sabha Movement, Deccan Riots, Moplah Rebellion, Telengana Movement

Answer 28

1. Indigo Revolt - cultivators forced to grow Indigo, and they revolted and boycotted helping peasants servants to leave. Resulted in a victory and Indigo was not forced. This revolt had the influence of the Bengali intelligentsia and Hindu-Muslim unity was witnessed.
2. Pabna Agrarian Leagues- Oppressive zamindar practices were fought by strikes and intellectuals like BK Chaterjee, RC Dutt and SN Banerjee support the cause
3. Deccan riots - against ryotwari system
4. Kisan Sabha - Fought against the stronghold of taluqdars that subjected high rents, summary evictions etc. Madan Mohan Malviya supported the Kisan Sabah via home rule activism to help them organize via panchayats.
5. Mapilla - Muslim peasants slaughtered Hindu landlords
6. Bardoli Satyagraha against land revenue increase - sardar patel launched
7. Telengana movement - biggest peasant guerilla war against landlords.

Question 29

What were the 4 important labour laws passed during the British period?

Answer 29

1. First Factory Act 1881
   - Prohibited child labour below 7 years and fencing of dangerous machinery and fixed working hours for child below 12
2. Second factory Act 1891
   - Prohibited child labour below 9 years and fixed working hours for child and gave weekly holiday for women
3. Indian Trade Union Act, 1926
   - Legal status given to trade unions
4. Trade Dispute Act, 1929
   - Special courts were constituted for settling disputes.

Question 30

Who were some important labour leaders?

Answer 30

1. Sasipada Banerjee of Bengal (Working Men’s Club in 1870) & SS Bengalee and NM Lokhanday of Mumbai (Mumbai Mills Hands Association)
2. Chennai Labour Inion founded in 1918 by BP Wadia and was the first Trade Union on modern lines
3. Gandhi founded Ahmedabad Textile Labour Association - Majdur Mahajan in 1918-20
4. All India Trade Union Congress influenced by moderates had its first session with Lala as Prez.
5. NM Joshi caused a dip in the working class movement by pursuing corporatism and breaking away from AITUC to form All India Trade Union Federation.

Question 31

Indian Independence Movement: Early Organizations before the INC

1. Key Organizations
2. Developments
3. Divisions

Answer 31

1. Bangabasha Prakasika Sabha, 1836 was formed by associates of Raja Rammohun Roy
2. East India Association, 1866 was established by Dadabhai Naoroji in London
3. Indian League was set up in 1875 by Sisir Kumar Ghosh
4. The Indian Association of Calcutta, 1876 superseded the Indian League and was led by younger nationals such as S. Banerjea and Anand Mohan Bose (two key architects of the INC)

Then, the INC was set up in 1885 after A.O. Hume mobilized the leading intellectuals in Bombay. First session was presideed over by WC Bonnerjee and the first women prez was Annie Besant and first Muslim prez was Badruddin Tyabji.

NOTE: Why set up INC as a British?
Ans: Hume though the INC could be a safety valve to control the discontent of Indians and thats why he convinced Dufferin to not obstruct its formation

Question 32

What characterized the moderate phase of the INC?

Who were the main leaders? What were the main ideas?

Answer 32

1. Dadabhai Naoroji, Pherozshah Mehta, DW Wacha, WC Bonnerjee and SN Banerjea.
2. Main Ideas: Liberalism and moderate politics i.e. constitutional agitation against the Brits.
3. Early moderates such as Naoroji, Dinshaw Wacha and RC Dutt for the first time put forward Drain Theory that showed how British rule resulted in decades of poverty.
4. Dufferin called the INC a factory of sedition and used carrot and stick to pit moderates against extremists.
5. The Indian Councils Act was passed in 1892 in this time that established a bit of decentralization where in members in the imperial and provincial and legislative councils were increased.

Question 33

What characterized the extremist phase of the INC and Indian National Movement?

Answer 33

1. By the 1900s, militant nationalist ideas started emerging amongst guys like Tilak, AK Dutt, Raj Narain Bose, Bipin Chandra Pal and Lala
2. They believed that foreign rule must go and that can be achieved only through the massess. Swarjya was the goal and they advocated direct political action through self-sacrifice.

Question 34

What was the Partition of Bengal?

Who conceptualized it?

What did it result in?

Answer 34

1. Initially, Lord Curzon proposed the partitioning of the province as an administrative measure solely. In 1904, he undertook a tour of eastern Bengal.
2. The idea of using the Bengal partition as a political tool to undermine the growing nationalism in Bengal and other parts of India occurred later.
3. As per Curzon, after the partition, the two provinces would be Bengal (including modern West Bengal, Odisha and Bihar) and Eastern Bengal and Assam.
4. There was widespread political unrest in the province after Curzon announced the partition. Many people in Bengal regarded this partition as an insult to their motherland. There was a huge cry for the unity of Bengal. Rabindranath Tagore composed the famous song ‘Amar Sonar Bangla’ which later became the national anthem of Bangladesh.
5. Muslims were happy, but most of the country was not.
6. 1905 INC Banaras session, the partition was condemned and the moderate-led Swadesi movement and boycott resolution began with Manchester Cotton and Liverpool being boycotted.
7. The Moderate-led swadeshi movement faded away giving rise to greater extremism.
8. The partition did succeed in creating a communal rift in the country and even contributed to the birth of the Muslim League in 1906.
9. Partition annulled in 1911.

Question 35

What did the creation of the Muslim League in 1906 result in?

What was their discussion with Minto regarding upcoming constitutional reforms?

What was happening in the INC at this time? Any important declarations? Any rifts between extremists and moderates?

Answer 35

1. Muslims led by Aga Khan met Minto the Viceroy in Shimla and demanded that there be greater space for Muslims in the form of 1/3rd seats in central legislature put under spearate electorates.
2. Muslim League was anti-congress from the beginning.
3. In this similar time, in 1906, the INC held Swaraj as self-governance/independent status. In 1907 they revised this and asked for dominion status.
4. Meanwhile, Extremists that were expelled from the INC were revolting, fled internationally and started dwindly due to Brit crackdown.

Question 36

What did the Morley-Minto reforms result in?

What were some features?

Did the 1909 reforms provide any self-government?

Answer 36

1. In 1909, the reforms suggested that the number of elected members in the Imperial Legislative Council and provincial legislative councils was increased.
2. Further separate elctorates were introduced for muslims and income qualifications for Muslims were kept lower than hindu voters.
3. Satyendra Sinha was the first Indian appointed to the Viceroy’s exec council
4. NO. The people expected self government but got benevolent despotism.

Question 37

What was the key impact of the 1st WW on Indian revolutionary activity?

Was opinion united?

What did Gandhi say?

Answer 37

1. The onset of WW1 divided Indians with moderates and extremists supporting the British in the war, while revolutionaries seeing it as an opportunity to capitalize on stretched out British attention.
2. The centre of revolutionary shifted to the US in cities like Seattle.
3. The Ghadar party was started in 1913 in San Francisco and they were rallying around the Komagata Maru ship accident where Canadian officials intentionally turned away and assaulted Sikhs. The Defence of India Act in 1915 was passed to smash the Ghadar movement.
4. There was also a Berlin committee for indian indepdence.
5. Gandhi supported WW1, as he did the Brits in the Boer War.

Question 38

What was the Home Rule league?
Who were its leaders?
What did the HRL define as Swaraj?
Did the INC & Muslim League support?

Answer 38

1. The Home Rule league was an indian response to WW1.
2. Based on Irish Home Rule leagues.
3. Spearheaded by Bal Gangadhar Tilak. He wanted to reform the administration but to not overthrow the government.
4. He linked up Swaraj to the deamn for the formation of linguistic states and education in the vernacular.
5. Annie Besant was a Free Though proponent who came to India in 1893 to work in the Theosophical society, and she launched a self-government campaign after the war on the lines of white colonies. She couldn’t persuade congress and the Muslim league.

Q: Did Gandhi support?
A: NO. He thought it was not the right time.

Question 39

What was the outcome of the HRL?

Did it influence any major legislative reforms?

Answer 39

1. The leagues resulted in getting the masses ready for a Gandhian style of politics
2. The HRL influenced a reunion between moderates and extremists in 1916.
3. The HRL influenced the Montague Chelmsford reforms wherein the Government no longer viewed Indian demands for Home rule or self-government as seditious.

Question 40

What were the details of the 1919 Government of India Act?

What reforms were they based on?

What did it lead too?

What did it do in reference to electorates?

Answer 40

1. The 1919 GoI Act was based on the Montague-Chelmsford reforms.
2. Main feature: Introduced dyarchy at the provincial level. The centre relaxed its control over the provinced by separating central and provincial subjects and the provincial subjects were divided into transferred and reserved categories.
3. The transfered subjects were administered by the governor and the reserved subjects were not. It separated budgets too.
4. This led to direct elections in the country by replacing Legislative council with a bicameral legislature.
5. Communical electorates was further extended to Sikhs, Christians etc.

Question 41

Trace the emergence of Gandhi? Where did he come from?

What was his approach?

Answer 41

1. Gandhi was in South Africa (1893-1914). He set up the Natal Indian Congress and started the paper Indian Opinion.
2. He sided with British war efforts and even helped with ambulance services earning a title of Kesar-e-Hind from the Brits.
3. Gandhi evolved his own style of politics i.e. a passive resistance method called Satyagraha. He set up Tolstoy farm which was meant to house Satyagrahis.
4. He had 3 early experiments with Satyagraha as a Civil Disobedience movement, Hunger Striking and Non Cooperation
   - 1917 Champaran Satyagraha : where in he helped Indigo cultivators organize against the opressive Tinkathia rules of cultivation
   - 1918 Ahmedabad Mill Strike : It was a hunger strike wherein he asked mill owners to increase wages
   - Kheda Satyagraha 1918: against authorities in Kheda who denied remission to peasants despite crop gailure. Sardar Patel and Indulal Yagnick became followers.

Question 41

Trace the emergence of Gandhi? Where did he come from?

What was his approach?W

Answer 41

1. Gandhi was in South Africa (1893-1914). He set up the Natal Indian Congress and started the paper Indian Opinion.
2. He sided with British war efforts and even helped with ambulance services earning a title of Kesar-e-Hind from the Brits.
3. Gandhi evolved his own style of politics i.e. a passive resistance method called Satyagraha. He set up Tolstoy farm which was meant to house Satyagrahis.
4. He had 3 early experiments with Satyagraha as a Civil Disobedience movement, Hunger Striking and Non Cooperation
   - 1917 Champaran Satyagraha : where in he helped Indigo cultivators organize against the opressive Tinkathia rules of cultivation
   - 1918 Ahmedabad Mill Strike : It was a hunger strike wherein he asked mill owners to increase wages
   - Kheda Satyagraha 1918: against authorities in Kheda who denied remission to peasants despite crop gailure. Sardar Patel and Indulal Yagnick became followers.

Question 42

What was the Rowlatt Act of 1919?

What did it result in?

What was its purpose?

Answer 42

1. The Rowlatt Act 1919 authorized the government to imprison any person without trial and conviction in the court of law i.e. supending habeas corpus.
2. Gandhi organized his first MASS strike against this act. He led a satyagraha sabha and roped in young members of the Home Rule Leagues and the Pan Islamists.
3. This act was followed by the horrific Jalianwalabagh Massacre and Gandhi withdrew his movement in April 1919 after seeing the bloodshed/

Question 43

What were mass movements that opposed the British outside of the INC and Muslim Leagues challenge?

Any key incidents that took place?

Did Gandhi keep his movement up?

Answer 43

1. The Muslims around the world were angered by the British treatment of Turkey after WW1. Turkey being the seat of the Caliph. In 1919 a Khilafat committee was formed under the leadership of Ali brothers, Maulana AZad, Ajmal Khan and Hasrat Mohani. In Nov 1919 they boycotted British goods.
2. This was followed by a Nagpur INC session where in the Non Cooperation Movement was endorsed and the Provincial Congress Committees on linguistic basis were organized.
3. The NCM was hastily withdrawn by Gandhi in 1922 after he was overwhelmed by the Charuri Chaura incident where a mob turned violent.

Question 44

At this time (1920s), Marxist ideas started spreading again. What were its key impacts in India?

Answer 44

1. Congress Socialist Party was formed as the left-wing within the INC and were anti-imperial in nature. Nehru and Bose respresented this.
2. Congress Socialist Party - stood for complete independence and swaraj for the masses.
3. Communist Party of India was formed in 1920 in Tashkent by MN Roy.

Question 45

What were some important revolutionary activities carried out in the 1920s?

Any important commissions in the late 1920s?

Answer 45

1. Hindustan Republican Association was formed in Oct 1924 by Ramprasad Bismil, Chandra Chaterjee and Sachin Sanyal to organize armed rebellion against the gov.
2. Kakori robbery was done in 1925.
3. 1n 1929, HRA renamed as Hindustan Socialist Republic Association, and Bhagat Singh and BK Dutt threw a bomb in the central legislative assembly against the Public Safety and Trade Disputes Bill.
4. All white Simon Commission, 1928 was intended to recommend whether Indians ready for constitutional reforms and in 1927 INC Madras session there was an agreement to boycott commission and organize hartals.

Question 46

What were the nuances of the Motilalal (papa Nehru) Report in 1928?

What did he want?

Was it successful in its goals?

Reactions?

Answer 46

1. It was the first effort to draft a constitution under Motilal Nehru.
2. It asked for Dominion Status, rejected separate electorates and demaneded joint electorates with reservation for minorities at center and states.
3. It recommended linguistic provinces.
4. It recommended Universal adult suffrage, equal rights for women, freedom to form unions and dissociation of the state from religion.
5. Jinnah didn’t support and retaliated with his famous 14 points.
6. Delhi manifesto 1929 (asking for dominion), based on the report, was rejected by Irvin, and the INC as a result threatened to launch another Civil Disobedience Movement.
7. The round table conference proposed by Irvin was boycotted by the INC and Purna Swaraj now became the aim of Congress and 26th January was fixwed as the first indepdence day.

Question 47

What were the different phases of Non Cooperation?

Answer 47

1. Phase 1 of NCM: Boycott without a violation of the law i.e. British products such as cotton, political boycott of legislative councils, and Indians not contestings. Focus was on constructuive work. (Gandhi’s grassroots work)
2. Phase 2 of NCM: boycott with a violation of law. This became the early Civil Disobedience in 1922 that was quicklky repealed after Chauri Chaura. Large schale CDM in 1930.

Phase II included non payment of taxes and resignation of civil posts. In this time the Congress Working Committee was created now with daily meetings as opposed to just 3.

Question 48

What was the Swaraj Party?

What was its goals?

Who were pro changers and no changers?

Within the pro changes, who were the responsivists and non-responsivists.

Answer 48

1. The Swaraj Party or the Congress-Khilafat Swarajya Party was formed on 1 January 1923 by C R Das and Motilal Nehru. The formation of the Swaraj Party came after various significant events like the withdrawal of non-cooperation movement, the government of India act 1919 and 1923 elections.

Goal: Dominion Status

2. While some wanted to continue non-cooperation after Gandhi withdrew, others wanted to end the legislature boycott and contest elections. The former were called no-changers and such leaders included Rajendra Prasad, Sardar Vallabhai Patel, C Rajagopalachari, etc.
3. The others who wanted to enter the legislative council and obstruct the British government from within were called the pro-changers. These leaders included C R Das, Motilal Nehru, Srinivasa Iyengar, etc.

The Swarajists i.e. Pro Changers were divided into the responsivists and the non-responsivists. The responsivists (M M Malaviya, Lala Lajpat Rai, N C Kelkar) wanted to cooperate with the government and hold offices, whereas the non-responsivists (Motilal Nehru) withdrew from legislatures in 1926.

Eventually party failed and merged with the INC.

Question 49

What was the nature of the Civil Disobedience Movement launched in the 1930s?

Key conferences (RoundTable 1, 2, 3)?

Any pacts (Gandhi-Irvin Pact)?

Answer 49

1. Gandhi in the famous Lahore INC session had put out 11 demands to the government hwhich included the abolition of salt tac, reduction in army expenditure etc. Irving had no response so CDM launched in 1930.
2. 12th March 1930, thousands joined Gandhi and reached they reached coast of Dandi on April 6th to symbolically pick up salt and violate the law.
3. The first roundtable conference was held in Nov 1930-Jan 1931 and was attended by the Muslim League, Hindu Mahasabha, Liberals and the Princes but the congress boycotted.
4. Irvin offered a Gandhi-Irvin pact to release non violent political prisoners and withdraw salt tax if Gandhi comes for next round table conference.
5. The second RTC in London 1931 yielded no results andled to the annoucement of two Muslim majoirty provinces and a Communal award. CDM resumed and Gandhi withdrew again in April 1934.
6. All India Untouchability League was set up in 1932.

NOTE: Congress was briefly declared illegal in CDM. It was becomming a pan-India movement with even violence in Bengal.

Question 50

What was the Communal Award and Poona Pact?

Answer 50

1. Communal award declared depressed classes also as minorities which entitled them to separate electorates (something Ambedkar wanted). Congress didn’t accept or reject it and Gandhi oppossed it with an indefinite fast.
2. Poona Pact was a result of Gandhi’s efforts to convince Ambedkar to let go of separate electorates for depressed classes and instead increase reservations.

Question 51

Is it fair to say that CDM Phase I was a success and CDM phase II was a failure?

Answer 51

1. Yes. CDM 1 started with the Ultimatum for Poorna Swaraj (Dominon) at the Lahore INC session, and the Dandi March after that. But after CDM phase 1, the RTCs 1 and 2 cut the momentum of the movement with it eventually being withdrawn in 1934.

Question 52

The third Round Table Conference, without the participation of the Congress led to the formulation of the 1935 Government of India Act.

What were this act’s features? Was it different from the 1919 GOI act?

Reactions?

Answer 52

1. GOI Act 1935, known as the ulta (opposite) act, had similar features to 1919 but essentially flipped. Its provisions were
   - All India Federation consisting of provinces and princely states as units.
   - Power divided between the centre and its units
   - Power divided between Federal, Provincial and Concurrent.
   - Diarchy that was introduced at a provincial level was abolished and provincial autonomy was introduced in 6 out of 11 provinces. Meanwhile diarchy introduced at the center instead. Communnal electorates by proviiding represenation of depressed classes, women and labour was carried out further.
   - RBI and the Federal Corut were established.

Reaction: Act was condemned by nearly all sections and unanimously rejected by the Congress. It was a point of no return after which the Congress asked for a constitutional assembly ONLY.

Question 53

What happened after the GoI Act’s rejection?

In 1933 what was a famous pamphlet released by one Chaudary Rehmat Ali?

Answer 53

1. Congress decided to contest elections in 1937 to enter legislature and hamper the British from there.
2. They won a resounding 716/1161 seats and formed ministries in 8/11 provinces. In this time they carried out civil lieberties work, engaged in agrarian reforms, labour welfare and social reforms.
3. This pamphelt, called Now or Never, proposed the creation of a new Muslim Nation in India called PAKSTAN (Punjab, Afghan, Kashmir, Sindh, Balochistan).
4. This idea was starting to pick up and creating a lot of tussle in congress and its ministries.
5. This idea was further popularised by pet Mhm. Iqbal and the Muslim Lague started a campaign to expose Congress atrocities. Extreme communal tensions started flaring and the Muslim League gave its support to PAKSTAN idea.

Question 54

After the GoI Act, Congress Elections and Muslims League resurgence, WW2 started. What were some key events that took place with the WW2 backdrop?

Any big offers made?

Who supported the war efforts?

What happened on the pakistan question?

What was the changed nature in proposals by the British?

Answer 54

1. When the war broke out, Congress declared two basic conditions to be fulfilled by the government. It said that post-war a constituent assembly should convene to determine the political structure of free india, and that immediately a represenative gov should be established at the centre. Linlithgow rejected this offer.
2. Pakistan Resolution: Muslim League passed a resolution calling for grouping of geographically contigious areas where muslims are in majoirty to form indepdent states that shall be autonomous and sovereign.
3. Linlithgow made the August Offer of 1940 that proposed dominion status for India, expansion of the Viceroy’s exec council and a constituent assembly. It was rejected.
4. In 1942 the Cripps Mission was carried out by Strafford Cripps with constitutional proposals to get Indian war support. Cripps offer an All India union with dominion status. This was again rejected by Congress and Muslim league.

Proposals from the British were more focusde on placing constitutional design power in solely Indian hands as opposed to mainly Indian hands as in the August offer. Sadly a blueprint was given for provinces to have separate constitutions as well, foreshadowing the partition. Gave a pathway to withdraw from the commonwealth too.

Question 55

What was the C. Rajagopalchari Forumla in 1944?

Answer 55

1. This formula recommended that the Muslim League support Indian independence for India while cooperating in the creation of a provisional central government.
2. He said that post-war, the Muslim majority areas can decide by means of a plebiscite to form a sovereign state.
3. The plan was rejected by Jinnah as he was hell-bent of the 2 nation theory and wanted only the Muslims of Northwest and North East to vote in the plebiscite and not the entire population. He didn’t want a common centre.
4. Sarvarkar didn’t like the CR Plan.

Question 56

The CR Formula was followed by the Desai-Liaqat pact. What did this pact feature?

Answer 56

1. It was a draft proposal for formation of an interim government whereby Congress and the League were to have equal representation in the Central Legislature while 20% of the sears were to be reserved for minorities.

Question 57

What was the Wavell Plan of 1945?

What other interesting development was taking place that involved Subhas Chandra Bose?

Answer 57

1. It was the outcome of a negotiation held in Shimla between Wavell and the Indian leaders.
2. It proposed the creation of an all Indian exec council except for the Governor General and CinC.
3. Hindus and Muslims were to have equal representation and the reconstructred council was to function as the inermin gov within the GOI Act 1935’s framework.
4. GG’s veto had to be used on advice of ministers and possiblities were to be kept open for a new negotiation.
5. The Indian National Army was conceived by Mohan Singh in Malaya and in 1942 Rashbehari Bose annouced the formation of the INA and Indian indepdence league.
6. The INA developed as SC Bose joined in 1943 after leaving Congress. SC went and met Hitler and formed an army of the PoWs of Indian origin captured by Germany and Italy.
7. Jai Hind coined here and SC Bose called Gandhi the father of the nation. Jhansi regiment also set up. INA died with the surrender of Japan in WW2 however.

Question 58

What was the next big independence relate development after the Wavell Plan?

What were the salient points?

Was the new plan accepted?

Answer 58

1. There was Cabinet Mission in 1946 sent by British PM Clement Atlee in February. The goal was to find out ways for a negotiated, peaceful transfer of power.

Cabinet Mission Plan salient points?

• Rejection of demand for a full-fledged Pakistan
• Grouping of existing provincial assemblies into Section 1, 2, 3 (Hindu majority, Muslim Majority)
• Three tier exec and legislature at provincial, section and union levels
• A constituent assembly was to be elected by the provincial assemblies by propostional representation in 3 groups - General, Muslim, Sikh. In total, 389 member body with 292 from provincial assemblies, Chief Commissioner’s provinces sending 4 and Princely states sending 93.
• Common centre to control defence, communication and external affairs.
• Provinces to have full autonomuy and residual powers
• Princely states were no longer to be under British paramountcy

Answer: The plan was accepted at first by the Muslim League and then by the Congress, but then in 1946 the League withdrew acceptance in reaction to a Nehru statement and called for Direction Action Day on August 16th to achieve Pakistan

• Congress Dominated interim government led by Nehru was sworn in on September 2nd, 1946 and Wavell tried to bring Muslim League into the interim government.

Question 59

What happened with the interim government?

What did the new Viceroy suggest?

Answer 59

1. The interim government period was a period of enormous upheaval in communal sentiments and Attlee announced that on Feb 20th, 1947 that a June 30th 1948 deadline was set for a fixed transfer of power. He also replaced Wavell with Mountbatten as Viceroy.
2. Mountbatten’s 1947 plan (suggested by VP Menon) was to immediately transfer power on the basis of granting dominion status, thus obviating the wait to an agreement on a constituent assembly.
3. The plan suggested that Punjab and Bengal assembliues were to take a decision on parititon (parition was decided) and Sindh took its own decision (went with pakistan) and a referendum was to be helped in NWFP and Sylhet (also favoured pakistan.
4. Indepdence of princely states were ruled out and they had to join either India or Pakistan. Bengal indepdence was ruled out and accession of Hyd to Pakistan was ruled out.
5. Freedom date set for 15th August 1947.
6. Transitional period governments to be carried out in accordance with GOI 1935.
7. Boundary commission under Radcliffe (never visited) was organized to delimit boundaries between India and Pak

Question 60

What were the features of the Indian Independence Act of 1947?

Answer 60

1. Pakistan became independent on August 14th, 1947 and India got its freedom on 15th August 1947.
2. Jinnah was the first governor general of India while India requested Mountbatten to continue as Governor General of Free India. He was then replaced by C Rajagopalchari, and then Nehru as PM along with Rajendra Prasad as first Prez.

Question 61

Who were 16 important personalities that contributed to modern Indian History?

Answer 61

1. Annie Besant - Founder of theosophical soceity and Home Rule League. Established Central Hindu School. Preparde the Lotus Song.
2. Aruna Asaf Ali - imprisoned during CDM in 1930 and 1932. Elected as first mayor of Delhi.
3. Badruddin Tyabji - first barrister in Bombay. Advocated for Tilak. Was first Muslim to preside over INC at the 2rd sesh in Madras. Stressed on muslim modernization.
4. Chandra Shehkar Azad - revolutionary activitst part of HRA/SHRA. Shot himself to avoid capture.
5. CR Das - conducted enquiry into Jallianwala Bagh. Lawyer that defended Aurobindo in Alipur Bomb Conspiracy.
6. Dadabhai Naoroji - grand old man of India. First to demand Swaraj at Calcutta INC session. First to highlight drain theory.
7. Dr. Rajendra Prasad - prez of constituent assembly and first prez of indian republic.
8. GK Gokhale - Gandhi’s political Guru. He supported Swadeshi movement.
9. Nehu - General secretary of the INC. First PM of the repubic. Authored doctrine of Panchsheel and Non-Alingment.
10. Madan Mohan Malviya - founded the nationalist party in 1926
11. Motilal Nehru - Nehru’s father, founder of Swarajya party along with CRM das.
12. Jinnah - also inspired by GK Gokhale. Asked for separate elecorates in 1906. Joined Home Rule in 1917 along with Besant. First GG of Pakistan.
13. Rabindranath Tagore - His elder brother Satyendranath Tagore was first Indian ICS officer. First poem was published in Amrit Bazar Patrika. He founded Shantiniketan in Bolpore. Inaugurated Raksha Bandhan in 1905 to oppose partition of Bengal. 2 National Anthems.
14. Ras Behari Bose - revolutionary that founded the Indian Muslim League. He died in Tokyo.
15. Sachindra Nath Sanyal - associate of Ras Behari Bose and one of the HRA founders.
16. Sarojini Nadiu - nightingale of India. She, under GK Gokhale, became first woman to participate in India’s struggle for indepdendence and particiapated in Dandi as well as presiding over Kanpur 1925 INC Session. Also first Governor or UP.

Question 62

Timeline of Governors of Bengal (1757-54)

Answer 62

1. Robert Clive - first governor of Bengal. Established udal govrenment in Bengal. FOunder of British dominion in India.
2. Cartier - Governor during the infamous Bengal Famine.

Question 63

Timeline of Governor Generals of Bengal

Answer 63

1. Warren Hastings (1772-1785) - ended dual government. divided bengal into districts. redefined hindu and muslim personal laws.
2. Cornwallis (1786-93) - first to codify laws in 1793. separated rev admin from justice. intdouced permanent settlement. Father of Indian Civil Service.
3. Sir John Shore (1793-98) - introduced charter act 1793
4. Wellesley (1798-1805) - Started subsidiary alliance system to achieve British paramouncty. Formed Madras presidency.
5. Lord Minto I (1807-1813) - Concluded treat of Amristas with Ranjit Singh and passed Charter Act of 1813
6. Hastings (1813-1823) - Adopted policy of intervention and war. Humiliated Peshwas and Scindia. Introduced Ryotwari settlement. Supressed Pindaris.
7. William Bentick (1828-33) - Last GG Bengal and First GG India. Liberal and enlightened father of modern western education. Abolished Sati thanks to efforts of Raja Rammohun Roy. Annexed Mysore. Perptual friendship with Ranjit Singh. Passed Charter Act of 1833, Made English medium of education as per Macaulay’s minutes.

Question 64

Timeline of Governor Generals of India (1833-58)

Answer 64

1. Bentick - abolished provincial courts of appeal and appointed commisions of revenue and circuit.
2. Metcalfe 1835-1836- passed press law which liberated Indian press
3. Auckland 1836-42 - Signed tripartite treaty between EIC, Ranjit Singh and Shah Shuja
4. Ellenborough 1842-44 - Ended Afghan war, annexed Singh and abolished slavery in 1843
5. Dalhousie 1848-56 - Abolished titles and pensions, passed Window remarriage, made Shimla summer capital. Started first railway line and public works department. Introduced doctrine of lapse.

Question 65

Viceroys Timeline

Answer 65

1. Canning 1856-58 - Last governor general and first viceroy. Revolt of 1857 rook place under him and Act of 1858 passed under him, ending EIC rule. Withdrew doctrine of lapse. Indian Councils Act passed in 1862 proving to be key landmark in Indian constitutional history. IPCC 1859 passed and Indian High Court act inacted. Income tax introduced.
2. John Lawrence 1864-69 - telehraphic communication opened, and high courts estbalished in Calcultta, bomby and Madras in 1865.
3. Mayo 1869-72 - Statistical Surveyo f India organized. Murdered by Pathan convict.
4. Lytton 1876-80 - most infamous. Pursued free trade and accelarated drain of wealth in India. Organized Delhi Darbar 1877 while country was suffering from famie. Passed the vernacular press act 1878 - gagging act.
5. Rippon 1880-84 - repealed gagging act. Passed first factory act. restored kingdom of Mysore. Illbert Bill controversy passed i nthis time. Father of Local self-government in India as he desired that provincial bodies focus on financial decentralization.
6. Duffering- INC established in 1885
7. Landsdowne 1888-94 - 2nd Factory Act passsed and Indian Council Act 1892 passed that introduced indirect elecctions.
8. Curzon 1899-1905 - Partitioned Bengal and created NWFP and Archeological Survey of India
9. Lord Minto II 1905-1910 - Swadeshi movement 1905-1907 occured in his time and Muslim League formed in 1906. Morley Minto reforms passed under him.
10. Hardinge 1910-1916 - annuled bengal parition and moved capital back to Delhi.
11. Chelmsford 1916-1921 - GOI Act 1919 and Rowlatt Act 1919 under his tenure. JWBagh massacre.
12. Reading 1921-26 - abolished cotton excise and repealed Rowlatt and Press Act. He suppressed the NCM.
13. Irwin 1926-32 - SImon commission announced in 1926 under his tenure. Nehru Report, Jinnah 14 points, Poorna Swaraj declaration, CDM, Dandi, 1st RTC and Gandhi-Irwin Pact all done.
14. Willingdon 1931-36 - 2nd RTC, CDM II 1932, Communal Award announcement, formation of Congress Socialist Part, Poona Pact Signed and GOI Act 1935 passed.
15. Linlithgow 1936-53 - Made August Offer that was rejected. Deliverance Day by Muslim League in 1939. Foward Block established by SC Bose. Cripps Mission, Quit India Movement 1942 and 2nd WW all in his tenure.
16. Wavell 1943-47 - CR Formula, Wavell Plan and Shimla Conference, Naval Mutiny in 1946, Direct Action Day of 1946 August 16th, First meeting of Constituent Assembly held on Dec 9th, 1946
17. Mountbatten - Last Viceroy and First GG of Free India. Introduced Indian Independence BIll in House of Commons on July 4th 1947. Appointed the 2 misguided boundary commissions under Radcliffe to delimit Pak and Ind orders. Kashmir acceded to India in Oct 1947 under his GGFI tenure and Gandhi murdered on Jan 30th 1948.
18. R Gopalachari - last GG of Free India.