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IAS > Modern Hitory Of India > Flashcards

Modern Hitory Of India Flashcards

0
Q

Who gave the strategy in first Strategic Debate and why?

A

Nehru gave the 2nd perspective- alternative Struggle Victory Strategy. It includes:-
•no joining councils, resumption of civil disobedience, and giving no time to Britain to think and act, continued confrontation till they are overthrown

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1
Q

Perspective of first stage of the Strategic Debate and the names of leaders who advocated it?

A

•Conservative work on Gandhian line
•Constitution struggle and council entry for confidence
MA Ansari, Asaf Ali, Bhulabhai Desai, S.Satyamurthy, BC Roy

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2
Q

What steps /techniques did Nehru gave in the strategic debate to overthrow British?

A
  • continuing the confrontation as the masses were ready to fight because of persistent economic crisis and they were already warmed up and willing to sacrifice.
  • class based organisations to be affiliated with congress and revision of vested interests in favour of masses to their benefit.
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3
Q

What were the two conditions for the formation of federation in GOI, 1935 Act?

A
  • States with allotment of 52 seats should agree to join state council.
  • States should have aggregate population of above 50% of total population of all Indian States
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4
Q

Reserved subjects and their administrator given by the GOI, 1935 Act?

A
  • defence
  • tribal affairs
  • foreign affairs
  • ecclesiastical affairs

Administrator- only by Governor General on the advise of Executive Councillors

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5
Q

Transferred subjects and their administrator given by the GOI, 1935 Act?

A

All except reserved

Administrator- Gov Gen on advice of ministers elected in legislature.

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6
Q

Residuary power given to GovGen by the GOI, 1935 Act?

A
  • restore cuts in grants
  • certify bills rejected by legislature
  • issue ordinances
  • exercise his veto
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7
Q

Changes done in provincial governments by GOI, 1935Act?

A

Autonomy was granted, freed from GovGen’s control and directly allowed to derive authority from crown
Independence in financial matters; can borrow money from own securities.
GovGen to be council’s nominees and representative authority of king; indefinitely takeover state administration.

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8
Q

Civil liberties given in Congress’s 28 month rule after 1937 elections?

A
  • laws giving emergency powers repealed.
  • illegal organisations banned
  • took out many newspapers from blacklist and lifted ban from many journals and books.
  • confiscated arms were restored
  • police powers decreased and CBI regulated
  • political prisoners released and revoked deportation and internment orders
  • confiscated lands restored in Bombay
  • banned pensioner officials restored
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9
Q

Reasons for sending CRIPPS MISSION?

A
  • Japanese threat of attack on India
  • allied powers pressurised Britain to get Indian support.
  • Indians had already declared the pre requirements to get their help.
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10
Q

Main proposals of CRIPPS Mission?

A
  • Indian Union with dominion status
  • India would be free to decide relations with rest of the world and international bodies
  • members of assembly partly to be elected through proportional representation and partly be nominations of princes
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11
Q

What were the conditions placed by the British to the application of CRIPPS mission?

A
  • any province not willing to join India can have a separate constitution and can form separate Union
  • new constitution making body and British government would negotiate a treaty to effect transfer of power and safeguard racial and religious minorities
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12
Q

How CRIPPS mission was different from past missions?

A
  • making constitution was solely in Indian hands now
  • concrete plan for constituent assembly
  • it was blueprint for partition as it gave option to provinces to secede from Indian Union
  • India would be free to withdraw from commonwealth
  • Indians were to get large share in administration in the interim period
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13
Q

Gandhi and Nehru described CRIPPS mission as gameplay by whom?

A

Winston Churchill,
Amery(secretary of state),
Linlithgow(Viceroy),
Ward(commander-in-cheif)

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14
Q

How CRIPPS mission was different from past missions?

A
  • making constitution was solely in Indian hands now
  • concrete plan for constituent assembly
  • it was blueprint for partition as it gave option to provinces to secede from Indian Union
  • India would be free to withdraw from commonwealth
  • Indians were to get large share in administration in the interim period
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15
Q

Gandhi and Nehru described CRIPPS mission as gameplay by whom?

A

Winston Churchill,
Amery(secretary of state),
Linlithgow(Viceroy),
Ward(commander-in-cheif)

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16
Q

Prominent women in Quit India Movement?

A

Aruna Asaf Ali
Sucheta Kriplani
Usha Mehta

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17
Q

Why famine of 1943 took place and main affected areas were?

A

•food was diverted to army fight the wwII
•food imports from Burma and Southeast Asia stopped during war
•gross mismanagement, deliberate profiteering, delayed rationing and that too in cities only
Wort affected was southwest Bengal areas-
Tamluk-Contai Diamond Harbour, Dacca, Faridpur, Tippera, Noakhali

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18
Q

What was conditions placed by the Muslim League in response to Wavell Plan?

A

Muslim League wanted that all Muslim members should be the nominees of the League as it feared the all other minority communities are on congress side and this arrangement would result in only 1/3 representation for Muslims.
The League claimed a veto in the council with decisions opposed to Muslims needing a 2/3 majority for approval.

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19
Q

Prominent women in Quit India Movement?

A

Aruna Asaf Ali
Sucheta Kriplani
Usha Mehta

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20
Q

Role of INDIAN NATIONAL ARMY?

A
  • to go into war if congress and Indians wanted
  • it was a means for checking misconduct of Japanese against Indians in Southeast Asia.
  • it was a countering force against any future Japanese domination of India.
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21
Q

What were the reasons of changed British attitude towards Indians?

A
  • after WW2, US and USSR emerged as superpowers and UK was no more a superpower.
  • new Labour government in Britain was sympathetic towards Indian demand.
  • there was opposition and resistance against setting up of British trade in Vietnam and Indonesia
  • British was scared of 1942 type revolt which was too powerful to be handled by the British due to combination of erosion of British loyalists and presence of INA alongside the older used techniques of revolt
  • elections were due in Britain after war. British was weakened and was bound to retreat. The change in government gave pace to the process
  • all out repression was not possible due to erosion of loyalty of officials & no reliable machinery
  • British strategy of repression & conciliation could not be followed as after the Cripps mission, there was nothing left to offer to Indians
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22
Q

Charter Act, 1853?

Four points

A
  • S•seprated executive and legislative fictionals of GovGen for first time; thus it created a mini-parliament having special functionaries to perform functions as in British Parliament.
  • M•opened the civil services to Indians and Macaulay committee was appointed for ICS
  • •extended EIC’s rule for indefinite period (unlike all previous Charters) indicating that EIC could be terminated soon as British liked
  • 6•first time introduced local representative in Indian Legislative Council; of the 6 legislative members in GovGen’s council, 4 were appointed by local provincial governments of Madras, Bombay, Bengal, Agra
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23
Q

GOI Act, 1858?

A
  • enacted as a result of revolt of 1857
  • also called Act for Good Governance
  • abolished EIC and placed India directly under crown
  • V•GovGen of India changed to Viceroy who was direct representative of crown
  • first Viceroy- Lord Canning
  • S•abolished dual govt (board of control & court of Directors); new office- Secretary of State (who was British Parliamentary Cabinet member, responsible to British Parliament only) vested with complete control
  • Secy had advisory committee of 15 persons with Secy himself as Chairman
  • B•Secy and his Council was made body corporate (capable of suing or being sued in India)
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24
Q

Indian Councils Act, 1861?

A
  • associated Indians with government for 1st time and initiated de-centralisation
  • viceroy to nominate Indians as non-officials of his expanded council
  • Lord Canning appointed 3- Raja of Benaras, Maharaja of Patiala, Sir Dinkar Rao
  • restored legislative power to Madras & Bombay and established new legislative councils for Bengal, NWFP, Punjab which were established in 1862, 1866, 1897
  • Viceroy can make rules for easy business transactions; Canning introduced Portfolio System in which Viceroy’s Council was made in-charge of govt depts and were authorised to issue final decisions
  • viceroy could issue ordinances (life- 6months) without Council support during emergency
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25
Q

Indian Councils Act, 1892?

A
  • increased non-official nominees in central & provincial govts with officials having majority
  • legislative council given power to discuss budget and addressing questions to executive
  • central nominees to be appointed by viceroy on recommendations of Provincial Legislative Councils and Bengal Chamber of Commerce
  • nominees of Provincial Legislative Council were elected by Governors on recommendations of district boards, municipalities, universities, zamindars, Chambers
26
Q

Indian Councils Act, 1909?

A
  • M• also called Morley Minto Reforms (Lord Morley was Secy of State and Lord Minto was the then viceroy)
  • 60• increased the size of Councils (both central & provincial); increased from 16 to 60 in central and it was non-uniform in provinces
  • centre had official majority but provincial can have non-official majority
  • L• enlarged legislative power of both; ex- moving resolutions, asking supplementary questions
  • V• 1st time provided association of Indians with executive councils of Viceroy & Governors; Satyendra Prasad Sinha- first Indian to join viceroy council as law member
  • E• accepted concept of seprated electorate in which Muslim members were elected by Muslim voters; “legalised communalism”
  • provided separate representatives for presidency corporations, chambers of commerce, universities, zamindars
27
Q

GOI Act, 1919?

A

•M• also called Montagu-Chelmsford reforms after (Secy Montagu & viceroy Chelmsford)
• relaxed central control over provinces in all affairs except structure of central & unitary nature and allowed provinces to make rules for various subjects
•D• Dyarchy- provincial subjects had 2 parts-
Transferred (Governor as administrator with aid of ministers responsible to legislative council)
Reserved ( Governor with aid of executive council without being responsible to legislative council
•B• 1st time introduced Bicameralism & Direct Elections; thus central legislature replaced by Bicameral legislature (upper & lower house) with directly elected members
•6• 3 out of 6 members of Viceroy Council (other than Commander-in-Chief) to be Indians
• extended communal representation by providing seprate electorates for Sikhs, Indian-Christians, Anglo-Indians, Europeans
•F• franchise was granted to limited people on basis of property, tax, education
•H• new office of High Commissioner for India in London created; some functions of Secy-of-state were given to him
•P• provided for Public Service Commission; 1st was established in 1926 for recruiting civil servants
•B• 1st time separated budget into central and provincial to make their own budget
•S• provided for appointment of Statutory Commission to inquire and report working of 10 years

28
Q

Simon Commission (1927))?

A
  • 7 member statutory comm under John Simon as chairman to look into demand of Indians of a constitution
  • Recommend- abolish Dyarchy, extending responsible government to provinces, establishment of federation of British-India, princely states, continuance of separate electorates
  • 3 round table conferences held to negotiate proposals of Simon Commission
  • RTCs led to “a White Paper on Constitutional Reforms” and submitted to Joint Parliamentary Committee of British Parliament whose recommendations were incorporated in GOI Act, 1935
29
Q

Communal Award?

A

PM Ramsay McDonald announced scheme of representation of minorities know as Communal Award
• seprate electorates for Sikhs, Anglo Indians, Muslims, IndianChristians, Europeans and Depressed classes

30
Q

GOI Act, 1935?

A

• second milestone towards independent govt
•321• it had 321 Sections and 10 Schedules
A• provided for All India Federation consisting of provinces; princely states as units (federation never existed as princely states didn’t wanted it)
•L• made 3 lists of subjects-
Federal list for central (59 items)
Provincial list for provinces (54)
Concurrent List for both (36)
•R• Residuary Powers to Viceroy
•D• abolished Dyarchy at provinces and introduced Provincial Autonomy and responsible government at provinces with Governors as heads with advise of ministers responsible to provincial legislature; came into effect in 1937 and ended in 1939
• provided Dyarchy at centre with transferred power; Reserved subjects; but it never came into force
•6• bicameralism in 6 out of 11 provinces; Bengal, Bombay, Bihar, Assam, United Provinces
• Extended communal representation by providing separate electorates for depressed classes, women, labour
•C• abolished Council of India and Secy-of-States given advisory team
•F• extended franchise; 10% could vote now
•R• establishment of RBI
•P• provided for Provincial Public Service Commission; Joint Public Service Commission for 2 or more states
•F• provided a Federal Court; which was setup in 1937

31
Q

Name the Cabinet members involved in Cabinet Mission Plan? Aim of mission?

A

• Pethic Lawrence (Secy of State, India)
Stafford Cripps (President of Board of Trade)
AV Alexander (First Lord of Admiralty)
• announced in February 1946 to find means for negotiating peaceful transfer of power

32
Q

What were the provisions Cabinet Mission Plan?

A

• three groups-
“A” included Madras, Bombay, UP, Bihar, CP, Orissa
“B” included Punjab, NWFP, Sind
“C” included Bengal, Assam
• three groups to sit separately to decide on group constitutions and provinces
• then a joint sitting would be held to discuss Union Constitution
• Constituent Assembly to be elected by provincial assemblies by proportional representation (voting in three groups- General, Muslim, Sikh)
• a common centre for defence, communication, external affairs
• communal questions to be decided by a simple majority of both communities present and voting
• provinces to have full autonomy and Residuary powers
• Princely states freed and could enter into arrangement with future government or British
• after first general election, provinces could come out of their group and after 10 years, provinces were to be free for reconsideration of group or union constitution

33
Q

What events or reasons led to partition?

A
  • Cripps Mission provided autonomy of Muslim majority states
  • during the talk between Jinnah & Gandhi in 1944, Gandhi accepted the right of self determination of Muslim majority provinces
  • June 1946, congress conceded the possibility of Muslim majority provinces setting up a separate constituent assembly
  • congress accepted the compulsory grouping without any resistance
  • in 1947 August, a resolution was passed by Congress CWC that Punjab (and Bengal by implication) must be partitioned if the country is divided
  • the final act was of acceptance of partition by congress by surrendering to Leagues demands in 3rd June 1947 plan and abandoned NWFP to Pakistan
  • partition was inevitable due to present psyche of Hindus & Muslims which had its roots since time immemorial
  • sticking to demand of United India could have lead to Balkanisation of states
  • congress accept partition mainly because the could not stop the riots & killings
34
Q

Why was British more inclined to Indians during partition phase and what was the result?

A
  • congress stand on united India was thought of as morally good
  • as a result, Mountbatten firmly supported congress and maintained that all other demands of congress would be fulfilled; Pakistan was carved out giving it the territory as small as possible
  • during interim period of power transfer, India & Pakistan was to be treated as dominion with Mountbatten as head; India accept it but Jinnah didn’t
  • India was strong economically and in defence, so British considered it to be of greater value for trade & investment
35
Q

What was Atlee’s Statement and why was it given?

A

• given on 20 Feb 1947, declaring the date fixed for British withdrawal from India in a hope-

  • That the date would shock the parties into an agreement and avert the constitution crisis
  • to convince Indians about sincerity of British to quit India
36
Q

Main points of Atlee’s Statement?

A
  • government would relinquish power either to some form of central government or in some areas to provincial governments (which already existed) if Constituent Assembly was not fully represented (Muslim majority did not join)
  • British powers & obligations on princely states would lapse with transfer of power but there would not be transferred to any successor government in British India
  • Mountbatten to replace Wavell
37
Q

Main points of Mountbatten Plan? Who gave this idea?

A

• idea was given by VP Menon in which immediate power transfer could be done on the basis of dominion status without waiting for the formation of constituent assembly
• Main Points:-
-Punjab & Bengal legislative assemblies to meet in 2 groups (Hindus & Muslims) to vote for officiating partition
-in case of partition, two dominions and two constituent assemblies to be formed
-Sindhi was to take its own decision
-referendum in NWFP & Sylhet district of Bengal would decide fate of these new areas
-India’s preference to united India to be rewarded with- 1. Independence of princely states ruled out and would join India or Pakistan; 2. Bengal’s independence ruled out; 3. Accession of Hyderabad to Pak ruled out;
4. Pakistan to be made as small as possible
• freedom to be given on 15 August 1947
• in case of partition, Boundry Commission to be setup

38
Q

Indian Independence Act, 1947?

A

• passed by British Parliament on July 8th
• Main Points:-
-creating 2 independent dominions of India & Pakistan wef Aug 1947
-each dominion to be governed by 2 GovGens with responsibility of effective operation of act
-both constituent assemblies to exercise powers of legislature & council
-both dominions to follow provisions of GOI Act, 1935
•India to be made on 15 August & Pak on 14 August

39
Q

How did integration of states took place?

A

• 1946-46, new org came up, named State People’s Movement to demand political & elective representation in constituent assembly
• All India State People’s Conference Took place in Udaipur(1945) & Gwalior (1948) and both presided by Nehru
• Nehru declared that states refusing to join constituent assembly to be treated hostile
• July 1947, Patel took charge of New States dept and completed the task in two phases with using skilled combination of baits & threats of mass pressure
1st Phase- by 15 August 1947, all states except Kashmir, Hydrabad, Junagarh had signed Instrument of Accession with Indian govt, acknowledging central authority of defence, external affairs, communication. Princes agreed easily because firstly, they never had any power under British and secondly, there was no change in internal structure
2nd Phase- involved integration of states with neighbouring provinces or into new units like Kathiawar Union, Vindhya & Madhya Predesh, Rajasthan or HP along with internal constitutional changes in states which for some years retained their old boundaries (Hydrabad, Mysore, Travancore, Cochin). Bait used- generous privy purse & posts (governors & Rajpramukhs).

40
Q

Sanyasi Tribal Revolt?

A

Sanyasi banned entry in Bengal by Warren Hastings

40
Q

Kol Tribal Mutiny

A
  • Singhbhum, Manbhum, Palamau, Hazaribagh, Ranchi

- their lands were given to Sikhs and Muslims

41
Q

Rovolts, that took up the issue of tenants?

A

Faraizi

Pagal panthi, northern districts of Faridpur, Bengal

42
Q

Name the two wildlife sanctuaries that has been renamed by the UP government? Why are these names selected?

A
  • 1• Lucknow Prani Udyan or Lucknow Zoo, is renamed as Nawab Wajid Ali Shah Prani Udyan, Lucknow to name a monument after a Nawab of Oudh, or Avadh. The Lucknow Zoo was established in 1921 and was named after England’s Prince of Wales as Prince of Wales Zoological Gardens.
    Nawab Wajid Ali Shah was the last Nawab of Oudh before the province was annexed by the British under the policy of Doctrine of Lapse in 1856. He was banished to Matia Burj in Bengal.
  • 2• Nawabganj Bird Sanctuary in Unnao district is renamed as Shaheed Chandra Shekhar Azad Pakshi Vihar, Nawabganj. Chandra Shekhar Azad was a freedom fighter. Though Azad was born in Alirajpur district in Madhya Pradesh (July 23, 1906), his father, Sitaram Tiwari, belonged to Badarka village in Unnao district. It was on account of his parental ties with Unnao district that the bird sanctuary has been named after him.
43
Q

Name the countries that were given the dominion status OR home rule under the British Empire?

A

Australia, Canada, the Irish Free State, Newfoundland, New Zealand, and South Africa.

44
Q

When and who demanded for the complete independence or Poorna Swaraj for the first time?

A

Congress leader and famous poet Hasrat Mohani was the first activist to demand complete independence (Poorna Swaraj) from the British in 1921 from an All-India Congress Forum. Veteran Congress leaders such as Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Aurobindo and Bipin Chandra Pal had also advocated explicit Indian independence from the Empire.
The Jallianwala Bagh Massacre, 1919 was the event that led to this demand.

45
Q

What is Dominion Status?

A

Dominion Status means to retain the Monarch of the United Kingdom as the constitutional head of state of India (although in the separate capacity as King of India), and preserve political powers for the British Parliament in Indian constitutional affairs.

46
Q

Name the place and time on which the congress made Swaraj and Poorna Swaraj as its fundamental aim?

A

Swaraj resolution was adopted at the Calcutta Session in 1906.
Poorna Swaraj resolution was adopted at the Lahore Seesion in1929.

47
Q

What was Kanpur (presently) called in colonial India?

A

Cawnpore

48
Q

Who started Bardoli Satyagraha?

A

Patel in 1928.

49
Q

Name the companies in which most strikes were held? Most strikes were in?
Which year saw most strikes?

A

Kharagpur Railway Works, Tata Iron and Steel, Jamshedpur, Bombay Textile Mills (Most strikes involving 150000 workers for five months), Buckingham Carnatic Mills.

Most strikes were held in 1923.

50
Q

Name some caste movements that sprouted in 1930s.

A

~Maharashtra
•movement by Bhaskar Rao Jhadav
•Satyasodhak in Satara
•Mahars by BR Ambedkar

~Madras
•Justice Party
•Self Respect movement by Periyar (EV Ramaswamy)

~radical Izhavas under K Aiyapan and Kesavan in Kerela
~Unionist Party under Fazl-I-Hussain in Punjab
~Yadav’s in Bihar for social status

51
Q

Name the journals and books that used to publish memoirs and articles of self sacrifice of revolutionaries?

A

Journals- Atamshakti, Sarathi, Bikoti.

Novels/Book- Bandi Jawan by Sachin Sanyal and Pather Dabi by Sharatchandra Chatterjee

52
Q

Name the young and radical Muslim leaders that changed the old conventions of not partying with Hindus?
What were the other reasons that led to the unity of Hindus and Muslims?

A

Mohammed Ali, Abul Kalam Azad, Hakim Ajmal Khan, Hasan Imam

Other reasons-

  1. Lucknow Pact, 1916
  2. Rowlatt Act, 1919
53
Q

Name the members of Khalifat Committee (1919)?

A

Ali Bros (Mohammad Ali and Shaukat Ali)
Maulana Azad
Ajmal Khan
Hasrat Mohani

54
Q

Give an account on revolutionaries of Punjab, their associations and conspiracies.

A
  • HSRA was found by Ramprasad Bismil, Jogesh Chandra Chatterjee, Sachin Sanyal.
  • Kakori Train Robbery- Ramprasad Bismil, Asfaqulla Khan, Rajendra Lahiri were hanged.
  • In 1928, vow was taken at the ruins of Ferozshah Kotla (Delhi) by Bhagat Singh, Jaidev Kapoor, Roshan Singh, Bhagwati Chandra Vohra.
  • Lahore Conspiracy- Saunders, a British police official that killed Lala Lajpat Rai during Anti-Simon Movement, was killed by Bhagat Singh, Rajguru, Azad.
  • Chandrashekhar Azad was also involved in a bid to blow up the Viceroy Irwin’s train.
  • Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt threw harmless bombs in Legislative Assembly and willingly got arrested to use court proceedings as stage for their propoganda.
  • they also protested in jail for unhealthy conditions by hunger strikes. Jatin Das was the first one to die on the 64th day of hunger strike.
55
Q

Founders of All India Muslim League?

Name the Viceroy who placated Muslim League against Congress?

A

Founders- Aga Khan, Nawab Salimullah of Dacca, Nawab Mohain-ul-Mulk, Nawab Waqar-ul-Mulk.

Lord Dufferin placated them.

56
Q

Who and when decentralised finance for the first time in colonial India?

A

Lord Mayo in 1870 devided the financial powers between centre and provinces.

57
Q

Who and when decentralised finance for the first time in colonial India?

A

Lord Mayo in 1870 devided the financial powers between centre and provinces.

58
Q

Who and when decentralised finance for the first time in colonial India?

A

Lord Mayo in 1870 devided the financial powers between centre and provinces.

59
Q

When was the demand for women voting rights was first made in India? Who led the deputation and who became first counsellor?

A

In 1917 a deputation led by Sarojini Naidu and Margaret Cousins met viceroy to demand for female franchise. As a result the GOI 1919 allowed provinces to allow women franchise.
Madras was the first province to allow it. In 1927, Dr. Muthulakshami Reddy became the first legislative councillor.

60
Q

The basic principle of women’s equality was accepted in which resolution of congress?

A

In the Fundamental Rights Resolution in Karachi Session

61
Q

Which plan gave for women’s development for first time?

A

6th plan

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