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IAS > Geography > Flashcards

Geography Flashcards

1
Q

Bus route through Banladesh?

A
  1. Kolkata-Dhaka-Agartala(Tripura capital)

2. Dhaka-Shillong(Meghalaya capital)-Guwahati

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2
Q

Name two islands within the Kaveri river in Karnataka

A
  1. SriRangpatna
  2. Shivnasamudra, having waterfalls named gagnachuki/bharachukki

*on the left waterfalls Asia’s first hydroelectric project was built which gave power to Bangalore

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3
Q

Most important oil fields in India?

A

Mumbai High (Offshore, 14nm)
Gujrat (Ankleshwar- imp)
Assam (oldest oil producing states in India)

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4
Q

All types of Natural Gas?

A

Shale Gas
Coalbed Methane
Tight Sandstones
Methane Hydrates

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5
Q

Most important oil fields in India?

A

Mumbai High (Offshore, 14nm)
Gujrat (Ankleshwar- imp)
Assam (oldest oil producing states in India)

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6
Q

Rivers of Manipur?

A
  1. Barak (controversial dam- Tepaimukh)
  2. Imphal
  3. Iril
  4. Surma-Meghna
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7
Q

Name of lakes?

A 
Narayan Sarovar- Gujrat
Dal- Jammu&Kashmir 
Astamudi- Kerela
Loktak- Manipur
Chilika- Orissa
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8
Q

Krishna River

A

The Krishna River is the second biggest river in peninsular India. It originates near Mahabaleshwar in Maharashtra from the statue of a cow in a temple. It then runs for a distance of 303 km in Maharashtra, 480 km through the breadth of North Karnataka and the rest of its 1300 km journey in Andhra Pradesh before it empties into the Bay of Bengal. The river basin is 257,000 km2, and the States of Maharastra, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh contributes 68,800 km2 (26.8%), 112,600 sq.k.m. (43.8%) and 75,600 km2 (29.4%) respectively.
Projects built on it: Srisailam and Nagarjunasagar

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9
Q

What is Dhirio and why was it banned?

A

Dhirio festival was banned for infliction of pain and suffering on bulls.
Dhirio is a Bull fight that takes place between two bulls. Bull fight is known as ‘Dhirio’ in Konkani and is a simple game in which the bulls fight one another.

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10
Q

Who gave the Big Bang Theory and the Theory of Steady State?

A

Edwin Hubble- Big Bang

Hoyle- Steady State

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11
Q

Arrange the life form according to their time of origin on earth.

A

Bacteria>Blue Green Algae>Soft body Arthropods> Marine Invertebrates > First Fish>Amphibians >Reptiles

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12
Q

Where is the worlds deepest drill located?

A

At Kola in the Arctic, 12 kms deep

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13
Q

Name the compounds contained in volcanic eruptions.

A 
Nitrogen compounds
Sulphur compounds 
Hydrogen
Chlorine 
Argon
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14
Q

What does the explosiveness of a volcano especially caldera indicates?

A

It indicates that the magma chamber supplying the lava is huge and is in close vicinity of the volcanic opening.

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15
Q

The composite volcanic formation below the ground is called ?

A

Laccoliths

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16
Q

Name and explain different volcanic landforms.

A

Batholiths- large domes of magma which ones used to supply magma to a once active volcano.
Laccoliths- these a domes of localised magma with a conduit from below reaching to the source batholith.
Lapolith- these are concave or saucer type formations.
Phacolith- magma frozen in wave form sometimes on the top of anticline or on the bitten of a syncline in a folded rock region
Sills and Sheets- near horizontal masses of magma in layered forms and theses are called sheets of are very thin.
Lava Mesa- are a table top like structures made of solidified magma in the crust and which are visible only after weathering.
Dykes- sometimes magma flowing through the crust horizontally may get into fissures or cracks and form vertical wall like structures.

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17
Q

Which forces makes the continents drifting?

A

Tidal Force

Pole Fleeing Force due to Rotation of the earth

18
Q

Explain the features of sea bed or sea floor.

A

Continental Shelf- where corals and mangroves are found; beaches.
Continental Slope- starts at the end of the shelf and is a steep slope.
Abyssal plains- these are the plain ms that start where the slope ends.
Continental Rise- also called transition area on the border of slope end and abyssal plains and is less steep than the slope because of deposits.
Mid Oceanic Ridges- fault lines with rampant volcanic eruptions.
Trenches- deepest parts of oceans mostly at the end of plates.

19
Q

The movement of Indian tectonic plate throughout earths history has been traced with the help of rocks analysed from which place ?

A

Nagpur Plateau

20
Q

How is the rate of movement of tectonic plate is determined?

Arrange the tectonic plates according to their movement speed.

A

The strips of normal and reverse magnetic field helps scientists to determine the rate of movement.

Arctic Ridge- 2.5cm/yr
Pacific plate (near East Pacific Rise)- 15 cm/yr
21
Q

Name the compounds that can be found in elemental form?

A

Sulphur, Graphite, copper, gold, silver

22
Q

Name the minerals that are selected to measure the degree of harness from 1 to 10.

A
  1. Talc
  2. Gypsum
  3. Calcite
  4. Fluorite
  5. Apatite
  6. Feldspar
  7. Quartz
  8. Topaz
  9. Corundum
  10. Diamond
23
Q

What is shear strength and angle of repose of a slope?

A

When the force acting on a slope exceeds its resisting force, slope failure (mass wasting) occurs. The slope material’s strength and cohesion and the amount of internal friction between material help maintain the slope’s stability and are known collectively as the slope’s shear strength. The steepest angle that a cohesionless slope can maintain without losing its stability is known as its angle of repose. When a slope made of loose material possesses this angle, its shear strength perfectly counterbalances the force of gravity acting upon it.

24
Q

From where the Karst Topography name has been taken?

A

From the typical topography developed in limestone rocks of Karst region in the Balkans near the Adriatic Sea.

25
Q

Qattara Depression of Egypt. What type of landform is it and explain its formation.

A

A deflation hollow is a type of landform found in arid and semi-arid regions. It occurs when loose surface materials are scooped out, thus creating a hollow (also known as blowout). Sometimes, a deflation hollow may reach the water table, which results in water oozing out. As the water slowly fills up the hollow, an oasis is formed.
The Qattara Depression of Egypt is an example of a deflation hollow.

26
Q

Saltation

A

the transport of hard particles over an uneven surface in a turbulent flow of air or water.

27
Q

In which climate types the dust particles are most abundant and why?

A

In subtropical and temperate because of low rainfall.

28
Q

Albedo of the earth?

A

The 35% of solar radiation which is reflected back to space by clouds and ice caps even before it reaches the surface.

29
Q

What is geostrophic winds?

A

When there is no friction and the isobars are straight and parallel to each other, the Coriolis force is balanced by pressure gradient force and the result is that the winds move parallel to isobars. This is called geostrophic wind.

30
Q 
Isohyet 
Isohels 
Isonephs 
Isobath 
Isohaline
A

Places joined on map having similar mean annual rainfall is called Isohyet

Isohels- places with similar sunshine duration

Isonephs- similar clouds

Isobath- contours joining places of same depth under sea

Isohaline- same salinity

31
Q

What is the elevation of the oceanic water at the equator and what is the reason for this?

A

The water at the equator is elevated by 8 cms as compared to the other oceans because the direct sunlight overhead leads to the expansion of water molecules.

32
Q

Why does the river Jhelum has meanders?

A

Meanders are formed by River Jhelum due to local base level of sediments provided by a primeval lake which existed millions of years ago in Kashmir Valley. The present Dal Lake is a part of the old lake.

About 2 million years ago when the Kashmir valley, surrounded by Great Himalayan Range in north-east and Pir Panjal Range in southeast, was submerged under water.

Due to tectonic upliftment of Pir Panjal range, drainage of the region was impounded and a big lake of about 5000 sq km area was formed.

Because of endogenic forces, Baramullah Gorge was created and this vast lake was drained through this gorge leaving behind sediments and these deposits are called Karewas. ( “Karewa” in Kashmiri means “elevated table-lan

33
Q

Difference between the Shivalik hills and duar formations in Sikkim region?

A

Shiwalik is a mountain range, it is the part of Himalayas innermost to India. It is also the youngest of the Himalayas. This mountain range starts from Indus and extends in the East West direction. Its width decreases progressively towards East and finally ceases to exist after the Gandak River. Most of the mountains of this range are within 2,000 m in height.
On the other hand, Duars are floodplains and foothills of Himalayas in North-Eastern state Assam and northern part of West Bengal. The altitude of this region varies widely with as low as 90 m and as high as 1,750 m. The similar region in Nepal and North India is termed Terai.

34
Q

The Indian Desert used to be under water. Give evidence.

A

It was under water in the Mesozoic era. This can be corroborated by studying the wood fossils park at Aakal and the marine deposits around Bhramsar near Jaisalmer.

35
Q

Kerela Backwaters

A

The Kerala backwaters are a chain of brackish lagoons and lakes lying parallel to the Arabian Sea coast (known as the Malabar Coast) of Kerala state in southern India. The network includes five large lakes linked by canals, both manmade and natural, fed by 38 rivers, and extending virtually half the length of Kerala state. The backwaters were formed by the action of waves and shore currents creating low barrier islands across the mouths of the many rivers flowing down from the Western Ghats range.

36
Q

Superposed river or Antecedent River?

A

It is a stream that forms over horizontal beds that overlie folded and faulted rock with varying resistance. The stream erodes through the underlying horizontal beds, and retains its course and pattern despite changes in the underlying rock. The stream erodes a gorge in the resistant bed and continues its flow as before.

37
Q

Why does Kaveri flows for the whole year?

A

Because it’s upper catchment area receives rainfall from the south west monsoon in summers and lower catchment receives rainfall from north east monsoon in winters.

38
Q

What indicates the arrival of western disturbances in the Indian subcontinent in the winter season? And what brings these disturbances into Indian subcontinent?

A

Rise in the prevailing night temperature indicates the arrival of western disturbances brought by the westerly jet streams.

39
Q

Types of trees in various forest types.

A
  • Evergreen- White cedar, hillock, kail
  • Moist deciduous- teak, sal, sisham, hurrah, Mahua, Amla, semis , kusum, sandalwood
  • Dry deciduous- tendu, palas, khair, bel, amaltas
  • Thorn forest- babool, ber, wild date palm, khair, neem, khejri, palas; tussocky grass also
  • Montane- in Himalayas, broad leaf tree oak and chestnut (in NE); pine, chir pine (1500m-1750m altitude); deodar, walnut, chinar; blue pine and spruce (2225-3048m); silver fir, pine, juniper, rhododendron, birch are present between 3000-4000m altitude; in south India- magnolia, laurel, cinchona, wattel.
  • Littoral-
40
Q

Why does the salinity of the soil increase?

A

In the areas of dry climate and due to excess of irrigation, the capillary action takes place in the soil and the salt deposits on the topmost layer of the soil. This problem could be evaded by using gypsum in soil.

41
Q

Which agencies are involved in mineral exploration?

A

Geological Survey of India (GSI), Oil and Natural Gas Commission (ONGC), Mineral Exploration Corporation Ltd. (MECL), National Mineral Development Corporation (NMDC), Indian Bureau of Mines (IBM), Bharat Gold Mines Ltd. (BGML), Hindustan Copper Ltd. (HCL), National Aluminium Company Ltd. (NALCO) and the Departments of Mining and Geology in various states.

IAS (11 decks)

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