Modern History Flashcards
Advent of Europeans
-Portuguese
-Dutch
-English
-Danes
-French
When did Vasco da Gama reached the port of Calicut?
In 1498, Vasco-da-Gama reached the port of Calicut during the reign of King Zamorin, who was the Hindu ruler of Calicut.
Settlements of Portuguese were
Daman, Salsette, Chaul, and Bombay (west coast), Santhome (near Madras), and at Hooghly
Who is the second Governor of India?
Alfonso de Albuquerque
Who captured Goa in AD 1510
Alfonso de Albuquerque arrived in 1509 and captured Goa in AD 1510
First Governor of India
Francisco de Almeida
When did Dutch East India Company was formed?
In AD 1602
When and between whom did the Battle of Bedara happened?
In AD 1602 BoB happened between Dutch was defeated by the English.
As per the agreement, Dutch gained control over
Indonesia
As per the agreement, British gained control over
India, Sri Lanka, and Malaya
Dutch’s first factory was set up
at Masulipatnam in 1605
Dutch’s other factories were
Pulicat, Chinsura, Patna, Balasore, Nagapattinam, Cochin, Surat, Karaikal, and Kasimbazar
Write briefly about East India Company.
In 1599, the East India Company was formed under a charter granted by Queen Elizabeth in 1600
What Farman did Jahangir granted to Captain William Hawkings
permitting the English to erect a factory at Surat (1613)
In 1615, Sir Thomas Roe succeeded in getting an imperial Farman to
trade and establish a factory in all parts of the Mughal Empire by ruler Jahangir
In 1690, Job Charnock established
a factory at Sutanuti.
In 1698,
the city of calcutta was founded, following by the acquisition of Zamindari of three villages of Sutanuti, Kalikata, and Govindpur.
Fort William was set up in
1700
In 1717, John Surman obtained a Farman from
Farrukhsiyar, which gave large concessions to the company
Farrukhsiyar’s Farman is known as
the Magna Carta of the Company
When did battle of Plassey held?
In 1757
What happened in the Battle of Plassey?
English defeated Sirajuddaula, the nawab of Bengal
What happened in the battle of Buxar?
In 1764, captain Munro, defeated joint forces of Mir Qasim (Bengal), Shujauddaula (Awadh) and Shah Alam II (Mughal)
When was Danish East India Company formed?
In 1616
Who sold their settlements to the English in 1845?
Serampur (Bengal) and Tranquebar (Tamil Nadu)
Who formed the French East India Company?
In 1664, Colbert did, under state patronage.
The Danish colony ‘Tranquebar’ was established on
the southern Coromandel coast of India
When was the First French factory established and by whom?
and another French factory?
At Surat by Francois Caron in 1668.
At Masulipatnam was set up in 1669.
When was French defeated by English?
In the battle of Wandiwash in 1760.
Governor- Generals of Bengal
- Warren Hastings (AD 1772-85)
-Lord Cornwallis (AD 1786-93)
-Sir John Shore (AD 1793-98)
-Lord Wellesley (AD 1798-1805)
-George Barlow (AD 1805-07)
-Lord Minto 1 (AD 1807-13)
-Lord Hastings (AD 1813-23)
-Lord Amherst (AD 1823-28)
What is the Act of 1781?
Act of 1781 made a clear demarcation between the jurisdiction of the governor General-in-council and Supreme Court at Calcutta
Who brought the dual government to an end and how?
Warren Hastings by Regulating Act, 1773
Who founded Asiatic Society of Bengal and when?
In 1784, it was found in Calcutta by Sir William Jones
What wars happened under the rule of Warren Hastings?
Pitt’s India Act (1784), Rohilla War (1774), the first Maratha War (1778-1782), the Treaty of Salbai with Marathas (1782) and the second Mysore war (1780-84) happened under his rule.
Warren Hastings was the governor general of Bengal from?
AD 1772- 85
Lord Cornwallis
AD 1786-93
Who translated Bhagavata Gita into English in 1785?
Charles Wilkins
What big incident happened during the rule of Lord Cornwallis?
The third Mysore War (1790-92) and Treaty of Seringapatam (1792) happened during his rule.
What did Lord cornwallis introduced ?
permanent settlement in Bengal and Bihar (1793)
Father of civil services in India
Lorn Cornwallis
What Civil reforms did Lord Cornwallis do?
He introduced judicial reforms by separating revenue administration from judicial administration and established a system of circles (thanas, headed by a Daroga (an Indian)).
who translated Abhigyan Shakuntalam in English?
William Jones in 1789.
Sir John Shore
AD 1793-98
Sir John Shore played an important role in the
introduction of permanent settlement
When and between whom did The battle of Kharda took place?
between the Nizams and the Marathas took place in 1795.
Lord Wellesley
AD 1798-1805
Lord Wellesley introduced
the subsidiary alliance in 1798
Lord Wellesley’s first alliance was
the Nizam of Hyderabad followed by Mysore, Tanjore, Awadhi, the Peshwa, the Bhonsle and the Scindia
What took place under the reign of Lord Wellesley?
The treaty of Bassein (1802) and the second Maratha war took place under the reign
George Barlow
(1805-07)
Vellore Mutiny took place on
July 10, 1806
Lord Minto 1
AD 1807- 13
Lord Minto 1 concluded
the Treaty of Amritsar with Maharaja Ranjit Singh (1809)
Which act was passed during the reign of Lord Minto 1?
The Charter Act of 1813 was passed under his reign
Lord Hastings
AD 1813- 23
What war and treaty took place under the reign of Lord Hastings
The Anglo Nepal war (1814-16) and Treaty of Sagauli (1816),
The Third Maratha war (1817-18) and dissolution of Maratha confederation and creation of Bombay Presidency
Lorn Amherst
AD 1823-28
The Pundari war and establishment of Ryotwari System was done by
Thomas Munro (1820)
The First Burmese war
1824-26
Treaty of Yandaboo
1826
Capture of Bharatpur
1826
Governor Generals of India
-Lord William Bentick (AD 1828-35)
-Lord Metcalfe (AD 1835-36)
-Lord Auckland (AD 1836-42)
-Lord Ellenborough (AD 1842-44)
-Lord Hardinge (AD 1844-48)
-Lord Dalhousie (AD 1848-56)
First Governor-Generals of India
Lord William Bentick
When was the Charter Act passed?
AD 1833
What social reforms did Lord William Bentick did?
prohibition of the Sati system (1829) and the elimination of thugs (1830)
what was Macaulay’s recommendations?
English was made the medium of higher education. He also suppressed female infanticide and child sacrifice.
What was Lord Metcalfe known as in India?
The liberator of the press
Under whose rule did the First Afghan war (1838-42) happened?
a disaster for English happened during the rule of Lord Auckland
Who brought an end to the Afghan war?
Lord Ellenborough
What happened under the rule of Lord Ellenborough?
The War of Gwalior (1843) and Annexation of Sind by Charles Napier (1843)
under the reign of Lord Hardinge
First Angle-Sikh war (1845-46) and Treaty of Lahore (1846)
Who gave preferences to English educated persons in employement?
Lord Hardinge
What happened under the reign of lord dalhousie
Doctrine of Lapse and annexation of Satara (1848), Jaipur and Sambalpur (1849), Bhagat (1850), Udaipur (1852), Jhansi (1853) Nagpur (1854) and Awadh (annexed in 1856 on account of Maladministration).
Lord Dalhousie laid down the first Railway line between
Bombay and Thane (1853)
First issue of Indian Stamp
in Karachi in 1854
Telegraph line between
Calcutta and Agra
Postal reforms with the Post Office Act were introduced during the rule of
Lord Dalhousie
What public works were started by Lord Dalhousie?
Grand trunk road work and harbor of Karachi, Bombay, and Calcutta were developed
what is the charter act, 1853?
Selection of civil service through competitive examination.
Widow remarriage act, 1856
the main force being Ishwar Chand Vidyasagar was brought under Lord Dalhousie.
Who started engineering college at Roorkee?
Dalhousie
Viceroys of India
-Lord Canning (AD 1856-62)
-Lord Elgin (AD 1862)
-Lord John Lawrence (AD 1864-69)
-Lord Mayo (AD 1869-72)
-Lord Northbrooke (AD 1872-76)
-Lord Lytton (AD 1876-80)
-Lord Ripon (AD 1880-84)
-Lord Dufferin (AD 1884-88)
-Lord Lansdowne (AD 1888-94)
-Lord Elgin II (AD 1894-99)
-Lord Curzon (AD 1899-1905)
-Lord Minto (AD 1905-10)
-Lord Hardinge (AD 1910-16)
-Lord Chelmsford (AD 1916-21)
-Lord Reading (AD 1921-26)
-Lord Irwin (AD 1926-31)
-Lord Willington (AD 1931-36)
-Lord Linlithgow (AD 1936-43)
-Lord Wavell (AD 1943-47)
-Lord Mountbatten (March-August 1947)
Lord canning
AD 1856-62
Who was the last governor-general and first Viceroy?
Lord Canning
Who withdrew Doctrine of Lapse?
Lord Canning
What significant event occurred in 1857?
Revolt of 1857 and the mutiny took place.
What important legislation was passed in 1860?
Indian Penal Code 1860 was passed.
Which act ended the rule of the East India Company?
The government of India Act, 1858
1857 (Establishment of)
The Universities of Calcutta, Bombay and Madras were established.
Wahabi movement was suppressed in the time period of
Lord Elgin
Who established the High Courts in 1865?
Lord John Lawrence established the high courts in Calcutta, Bombay and Madras in 1865.
Which communication was opened with Europe by Lawrence?
Telegraphic communication was opened with Europe
What did John Lawrence created?
The Indian Forest Department
Who organised the statistical survey of India 1872?
Lord Mayo
For the first time in Indian history and census was held in
1872
The process of financial decentralization in India was started by
Lord Mayo
Lord mayo established the department of
Agriculture and commerce
Lord Mayo established
the Rajkot college at Kathiawar and Mayo College at Ajmer for Indian Princess
the only viceroy to be murdered in office
Lord Mayo was murdered by a Pathan convict in the Andamans in 1872
What happened during the tenure of Lord Northbrooke?
Kuka Rebellion in Punjab and Famine in Bihar happened.
Viceroy of reverse character
Lord Lytton
Which act was passed in 1876?
Royal Titles Act
When was the assumption of the title of the Empress of India by Queen Victoria
during the tenure of Lord Lytton
When was Delhi Durbar were held?
January 1877
Which act to restrain the circulation of printed matter was passed?
Vernacular Press Act or Gagging Act
Which act made it mandatory for Indians to acquire a license in arms?
Arms act of 1878
The first factory Act of 1881
prohibited child labor
Local government was introduced in
1882
The founding father of local self- governance in India
Lord Ripon
Which commission was appointed to improve primary and secondary edu.?
An education commission was appointed under Sir William Hunter in 1882 to improve primary and secondary education.
The libert bill controversy 1883
enable Indian district magistrates to try European criminals
The third Burmese war took place from
AD 1885-86
When was INC established?
In 1885
Which act granted weekly holidays and stipulated working hours for women and children?
The factory Act
The civil services were divided into
Imperial, Provincial and Subordinate services
Which act increased the size of Legislative councils in India?
The Indian Councils Act in 1892
The Durand Commission defined
the Durand Line between British India and Afghanistan, in 1893
1899
southern uprisings were seen
1896-97
The great Famine (From Bundelkhand Agra province)
Lyall Commission on Famine was established.
A commission was appointed under Sir Thomas Raleigh to
suggest reforms regards universities in 1902
1904
The Indian Universities Act was passed
When was the Ancient Monuments Preservation Act passed?
- The Archeological Survey of India was established.
1905
Agricultural Research Institute was established at Pusa in Delhi
Who partitioned Bengal in 1905
Lord Curzon
Swadeshi Movement took place from
1905-08
The foundation of Muslim League took place in
1906
1907
Surat sessions and split in the congress took place
1909
Morley Minto Reforma were introduced
When was the capital was shifted from Calcutta to Delhi
In 1911
Delhi Darbar and Partition of Bengal were cancelled in
1911
The Hindu Mahasabha was founded
in 1915 by Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya
In 1915,
Gandhi returned to India
1916
Sabarmati Ashram was founded
1917
Champaran Satyagraha
1918
Satyagraha at Ahmedabad, Kheda Satyagraha.
Montagu declaration
1917 August
Secretary of State and Montford reforms or government of India act of
1919
Why was government of India Act passed in 1919?
to increase the number of Indians in the government.
Rowlatt act
March 1919
Jallianwala Bagh Massacre
13th April 1919
when was Khilafat committee formed?
March 1919
When was Khilafat Movement started?
1919-20
Non-cooperation movement took pace from
1920-22
Women’s University was founded at Poona in
1916
1922
Repeal of Rowlatt act
Chauri-Chaura
feb 1922
The formation of Swaraj Party happened on
January 1, 1923
Moplah Rebellion took place
1921
The Kakari train Robbery took place on
August 1, 1925
Communal Riots of 1923-25 happened in
Multan, Amritsar, Delhi, etc.
1927
Simon Commission visited India
1929
Indian Resolution was passed by congress
12th march 1930
The Dandi March
6th April 1930
Civil Disobedience Movement
November 12, 1930
The first Round Table Conference was held in 1930 in England.
March 5, 1931
Gandhi-Irwin Pact was signed
The Lahore Session of Congress and Poorna Swaraj Declaration were held in
1929
1931
2nd round table conference
1932
third round table conference
1935
The government of India Act was passed
16th August 1932
Communal Awards assigned a separate electorate.
(Gandhiji went on an Epic fast to protest against this division).
Congress Minister’s resignation celebrated as
Deliverance Day by the Muslim League (1939) 22 december
23th march 1940
The Lahore Resolution of the Muslim League demanding a separate state for the Muslims.
(It was this session that Jinnah propounded his two-Nation Theory)
World war broke outbreak
1939
Cripps Mission came to India in
1942
8th August 1942
The Quit India Movement
16th May 1946
The cabinet Mission plan was announced
9th december 1946
First meeting of the constituent assembly was held.
Arranged the shimla conference on 25th June 1945 with the
failure of talks between the INC and Muslim League
(1946) The election to constituent assembly were held and
an interim government was appointed under Nehru
The first governor-general of free India
Lord Mountbatten
3rd June Plan or Mountbatten Plan
The partition of India was decided by this plan.
When did Mountbatten retire?
1948
Who succeeded Mountbatten?
C. Rajagopalachari (the first and the last governor-general of free India
4th July 1947
The Indian Independence Act was passed by the British Parliament, by which India became Independent on 15th august 1947
When did the revolt of 1857 started?
it started at Meerut on 10th May 1857
What are the political causes of the revolt of 1857?
The policy of doctrine of Lapse, Subsidiary Alliance, Annexation of Awadh, Disrespect shown to Mughal Emperor.
What se the Economic causes behind the revolt of 1857?
Heavy taxation, evictions, Discriminatory Tariff Policy against Indian products, and destruction of traditional handicrafts that hit peasants, artisans and small zamindars
Military discrimination of the revolt
As Indian soldiers were paid low salaries, they could not rise above the rank of subedar and were racially insulted.
Grievances of Sepoys
The introduction of the Enfield rifle, and its cartridge of which were greased with animal fat, provided the spark.
The revolt of 1857
A rebellion broke out among Sepoys of Meerut on 10th May 1857 which later spread to other parts of the country.
Who provided active support to the British which caused failure to the revolt of 1857?
The Nizam of Hyderabad, the Raja of Jodhpur, Scindia of Gwalior, the Holkar of Indore, the rulers of Patiala, Sindh and Kashmir, and the Rana of Nepal
another cause of failure of the revolt of 1857?
Comparative lack of efficient leadership
Impact of Revolt
-The control of Indian administration was passed on the British crown by the Government of Indian Act, 1858.
-Reorganisation of the army.
-After the revolt, the British pursued the policy of Divide and rule
When and who formed INC?
IN 1885 by AO Hume, a retired civil servent
Where was the first session of INC held?
In Bombay
Under whom and when was the first session held in Bombay?
Under the Presidentship of WC Bannerjee in 1885.
How many delegates attended the first session?
72 delegates from all over India
The first two decades of INC are described in history as
those of moderate demands and a sense of confidence in British justice and generosity
Moderate leaders are
Dada Bhai Naoroji, Badruddin Tyabji, Gopal Krishna Gokhale, Surendranath Banerjee and Anand Mohan Bose
Who announced the Partition of Bengal 1905?
Lord Curzon
when was the partition of Bengal announced?
16th October 1905
How was the partition of Bengal happened?
by Lord Curzon through a royal proclamation, reducing the old province of Bengal in size by creating East Bengal and Assam out of rest of Bengal
Swadeshi movement had its origin in the
anti-partition movement of Bengal
Who played an important role in Swadeshi movement?
Lal, Bal, Pal and Aurobindo Ghosh
INC took the Swadeshi call first at the
Banaras Session, 1905, Presided over by GK Gokhale
When was Muslim League set up?
in 1906
Who set up Muslim League?
Aga Khan, Nawab Salimullah of Dhaka and Nawab Mohsin ul Mulk
The league supported and opposed
Partition of Bengal and the Swadeshi Movement respectively
The league demanding
special safeguards to its community and a separate electorate for Muslims
The demand for Swaraj was
put forth in the Calcutta Session in December 1906
The INC, under the leadership of
Dadabhai Naoroji, adopted Swaraj (self-government) as the goal of the Indian people
The INC split into two groups:
the Extremists and the Moderates
Why did the INC split into two groups?
Due to the debate on the nature of Swadeshi Movement
Extremists were led by
Lal, Bal, Pal
Moderates were led by
GK Gokhale
The Morley-Minto Reforms envisaged
a separate electorate for Muslims, besides other constitutional measures
Lord Minto came to be known as
the ‘Father of Communal Electorate’
When was Ghadar Party formed?
in 1913
Ghadar Party was formed by
Lala Hardayal, Taraknath Das and Sohansingh Bakhna
Where was Ghadar Party HQ’ed?
In San Francisco
How was the name of the Ghadar Party taken?
from a weekly paper, Ghadar, which had been started on 1st November 1913 to commemorate the 1857 revolt
Home Rule Movement started by
BG Tilak (April 1916) at Poona and Annie Besant and S. Subramania Iyer at Adyar, near Madras (September 1916)
What was the objective of Home Rule Movement?
self-government of India in the British Empire
During Home rule movement Tilak raised the Slogan
‘Swaraj is my Birth Right and I shall have it!’
Lucknow pact was between
INC and Muslim League
following a war between Britain and Turkey leading to
Anti-British feelings among Muslims
Both INC and ML organisations jointly demanded dominion status for the country and
congress accepted a separate electorate for Muslims
AUGUST DECLARATION (1917)
After the Lucknow Pact, the British policy was announced which aimed at
increasing associations of Indians in every branch of the administration for the progressive realization of responsible government in India as an integral part of the British Empire
Which act or reform is based on august declaration?
Montague-Chelmsford reforms or the Act of 1919
Rowlatt Act 18th March 1919
This act gave unbridled powers to the government to arrest and imprison suspects without trial
Rowlatt law enable the government to
suspend the right of Habeas Corpus, which had been the foundation of civil liberties in Britain
the first countrywide agitation by Gandhiji.
Rowlatt Satyagraha by Gandhiji against the act.
13th April 1919
Jallianwala Bagh Massacre
10th April 1919
Arrest of Dr. Saifuddin Kitchlew and Dr. Satya Pal, which agitated people
Who fired at people who assembled in the Jallianwala Bagh, Amritsar?
General Dyer
Michael O’Dwyer was
Lt. Governor of Punjab at that time
Why was to hunter commission appointed?
to enquire into the massacre
who returned his knighthood in protest?
Rabindranath Tagore
Who killed Michael O’Dwyer?
Sardar Udham Singh in Caxton Hall, London on Marcha 13, 1940
Who started Khilafat Movement?
Ali brothers, Mohd. Ali and Shaukat Ali
Khilafat movement was jointly led by
The khilafat leaders and the congress
The reason to led Khilafat movement was
The Muslims were alighted by the treatment with Turkey by the British in the treaty that followed the First World War.
