MEDIEVAL HISTORY Flashcards
The important kingdoms split after the death of Harshavardhana were
Kashmir, Gandhara, Sindh, Gujarat, Kannauj, Ajmer, Malwa, Bengal and Assam.
The timeline of Rajput’s dominance
It began from the 7th and 8th centuries and lasted till the Muslim conquest in the 12th century
What are the various theories about origin of Rajputs
1). They are considered as descendants of foreign invaders
2). Descendants of Kshatriyas
3). Modern scholars agree that nearly all Rajput clans originated from peasant or pastoral communities.
What is the chief occupation of Rajputs?
Trade and agriculture prospered
Why do Rajputs engage in various wars?
To establish their supremacy over other rulers.
Capital and Founder of Chauhan/ Chahaman of Delhi-Ajmer
Delhi and Vasudeva
Capital and Founder of Pratihara/Parihar of Kannauj
Avanti, Kannauj and Nagabhatt I
Capital and Founder of Pawar/Parmar of Malwa
Ujjain, Dhar and Seeak II ‘Sri Harsha’
Capital and Founder of Chalukya/Solanki of Kathiyawar
Anihalvada and Mularaja I
Capital and Founder of Rashtrakuta of Malkhand
Malkhand/Manyakheta and Dantidurg (Danti Varman II)
Capital and Founder of Chandela of Jejakabhukti
Khajuraho, Mahoba, Kalinjar and Nannuk Chandela
Capital and Founder of Kalchuri/Haihaya of Chedi
Tripuri and Kokkala I
Capital and Founder of Gadhawal/Rathore of Kannauj
Kannauj and Chandradeva
Capital and Founder of TOMAR OF HARYANA and DELHI
Dhillika and Anangpal Singh Tomar
Capital and Founder of SISODIYA OF MEWAR
Chittor and Bappa Rawal Hammir I
The religion Islam was born at
Mecca in Arabia
Who is the founder of Islam?
Prophet Mohammad
What is the starting point of Muslim calendar and Muslim era?
When Prophet Mohammad migrated to Medina in 622 CE
What is Muslim era called?
Hijra
When did Prophet Mohammad returned?
after 8 years, he returned to Mecca with his followers
When did Prophet Mohammad died?
632 CE
What did the followers of Muhammad do?
The followers of Mohammad set up an empire called the Caliphate
Who were called the Caliphs?
Umayyad and the Abbasid
When did the Arab conquest occured?
712 CE
By whom did the arab conquest occur?
Muhammad-bin-Qasim
Who was Muhammad-bin-Qasim?
Commander of the Umayyad Kingdom
Qasim extended the conquest further into?
Multan
Who organized the administration of Sind?
Qasim
Who obstructed the expansion of Muslims in India?
Powerful Pratihara Kingdom in Western India
Who is Mahmud Ghaznavi?
The ruler of Ghazni
How many raids has Ghaznavi made?
17 Raids
Where were the initial raids were directed against?
Against the Hindu rulers
Who was defeated in AD 1001 by Mahmud and then in in AD (1008-09)
The Hindu ruler Jaipal and his son Anandpala was defeated.
In which battle was the son of Jaipal, Anandpala defeated by Mahmid?
Battle of Waihind
Which temple was plundered by Ghaznavi?
Somnath temple in AD 1025
When did Mahmud defeated the Jats?
In AD 1026
When did Mahmud died?
In AD 1030
Who were patronized by Mahmud?
He patronized three persons, contemporary to him, Firdausi, Al-biruni and Utbi.
What book did Al-biruni wrote?
Kitab-ul-Hind
When was Muhammad Ghori ascended the throne at Ghazni?
In 1173
Where does Muhammad Ghori move towards?
Towards Punjab and Ganga valley, but was defeated by Prithviraj.
Who was the ruler of Delhi in 1191?
Prithviraj
Prithviraj and Ghori had which battle?
The first battle of Tarain in 1191
What happened at the second battle of tarain ?
In the second battle of Tarain in 1192, Prithviraj was defeated by Ghori.
To rule over what was Prithviraj allowed ?
Ajmer
What charges was put of Prithviraj?
The charges of conspiracy were the reason of him being expelled.
Who wrote Prithviraj Raso?
The court poet of Prithviraj, Chand Bardai.
What does Prithviraj Raso depicts?
It depicts the life story of PRITHVIRAJ and his love for SANYOGITA.
What foundation does the defeat of Prithviraj laid?
The foundation of Muslim rule in India.
When and who was defeated in the battle of chandawar?
Jaichand of Kannauj in 1194
Delhi Sultanate existed from
AD 1206 to 1526
The five different dynasties that ruled under the Delhi Sultanate were
The Slave, the Khilji, the Tughlaq, the sayyids and the Lodhis
Mamluk means
Slave
The Slave dynasty was also called
Mamluk dynasty
The Slave dynasty ruled over Delhi from
AD 1206 to 1290
How many dynasties were established during the period of Slave?
Three dynasties - Qutbi, First Ilbari, Second Ilbari.
Who founded Qutbi dynasty (1206-1210)?
Qutbuddin Aibak
Who founded First Ilbari dynasty (1210-1266)?
Iltutmish
Who founded Second Ilbari dynasty (1266-1290)?
Balban
How was Qutbuddin and Muhammad Ghori are related?
Qutbuddin was a slave of Muhammad Ghori
Who made Qutbuddin the governor?
Ghori made Aibak the governor of his Indian Possessions.
What was the capital of Aibak after the death of Ghori?
Lahore
Why does Muslim writers call Aibak ‘lakh Baksh’ or giver of Lakhs?
because he gave liberal donations to charities.
Whom did Aibak patronized?
The great scholar Hasan Nizami
Iltutmish belonged to
Ilbari tribe
Which policy saved India from the wrath of Chengiz Khan?
Mongol policy
Iltutmish’s dynasty was names as
Ilbari Dynasty
Name the contemporary scholars who added grandeur to Iltutmish’s court.
Minhaji-us-Siraj, Taj-ud-Din, Nizam-ul-Mulk, Muhammad Janaidi Malik, Qutb-ud-din Hasan and Fakhr-ul-Mulk-Isami
Qutub Minar
the tallest stone tower in India (238ft)
Apart from Qutub Minar what has Iltutmish built?
A magnificent mosque at Ajmer
Whom did Iltutmish nominated as his successor?
His daughter, Rajiya
Who is the first female ruler of India?
Rajiya Sultana
Ghiyasuddin Balban was known as
Ulagh Khan
Who did Ghiyasuddin served?
He served as Naib or regent to Sultan Nasiruddin Mahmud
Younger son of Iltutmish is
Sultan Nasiruddin Mahmud
What did Ghiyasuddin Balban established?
Separate military department Diwan-i-Arz and reorganized the army
The advent of Khilji dynasty (1290-1320) marked
the zenith of Muslim imperialism in India
Who is the founder of Khilji dynasty?
Jalaluddin Khilji
How did Alauddin Khilji got the throne?
He treacherously murdered his father-in-law Jalaluddin Khilji and usurped the throne of Delhi
In 1301, Alauddin marched against?
Ranthambore
After how much time did Ranthambore fell?
After three month’s siege it fell. The Rajput women committed Jauhar or self-immolation.
When did Alauddin Khilji died?
in 1316
Alauddin Khilji patronized poets like
Amir Khusro and Amir Hasan
Alauddin Khilji built
famous gateway known as Alai Darwaja and constructed a new capital at Siri
Who is the founder of Tughlaq dynasty
Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq
Where did Ghiyasuddin laid the foundation?
near Delhi
The name of the Delhi sultan who had received a comprehensive literary, religious and philosophical education.
Muhammad Bin Tughlaq
In 1327, Muhammad Bin Tughlaq made extensive preparations for the
transfer of the royal household, and the Ulema and Sufis from Delhi to Devagiri which was renamed as Daulatabad
Muhammad Bin Tughlaq issued copper coins at par with the value of
silver tanka coins
Tughlaq increased the land revenue on the
farmers of Ganga-Yamuna Doab
The rebellion of Ahsan Shah resulted in the establishment of
Madurai Sultanate
when was Vijayanagar kingdom was founded?
In 1336
When was Bahmani Kingdom established?
In 1347
In Gujarat, Taghi rose in revolt against
Sultan
Sultan spent
nearly three years chasing Taghi.
When did Muhammad Bin Tughlaq died?
In 1351
Firoz Shah Tughlaq appointment Khan-i-Jahan Maqbul,
a Telugu Brahmin convert as Wazir (Prime Minister)
About How many new towns were built during the reign of Firoz Shah Tughlaq?
About 30
The famous among new towns were
Firozabad near Red Fort in Delhi
What is Firozabad now called?
Firoz Shah Kotla
Firoz patronized scholars like
Barani and Afif
Who founded Sayyid dynasty in 1414?
Timur
Before departure from India in 1399, Timur appointed
Khizr Khan as governor of Multan.
When did Timur captured Delhi?
In 1414
When did Muhammad Shah died?
In 1445
Who succeeded Muhammad Shah?
His son, Alam Shah (1445-51), the weakest of Sayyid princes.
The Lodis (1451-1526) who succeeded Sayyids, were
Afghans
First Afghan ruler was
Bahlol Lodi
Bahlol Lodi was the first Afghan ruler while his predecessors were
all Turks
when did Bahlol Lodi died and who succeeded him?
In 1489 and succeeded by his son, Sikandar Lodi.
Sikandar Lodi was the greatest
of the three Lodi sovereigns. (1489-1517)
What did Sikandar Lodi do to Hindus?
He destroyed many Hindu temples and imposed many restrictions on Hindus
Who succeeded Sikander Lodi?
His elder son, Ibrahim Lodi, who was arrogant ruler.
Who marched against Delhi and defeated and killed Ibrahim Lodi in the first battle of Panipat (1526)?
Babur
When did the first battle of Panipat happened?
1526
For how many years the Afghan Kingdom lasted?
For only 75 years
What did the Turks introduce?
Arches, dome, lofty towers or minarets and decorations using Arabic script
How was the Quwwat-Ul-Islam Mosque near Qutub Minar in Delhi was built?
It was built by using the material obtained from destroying many Hindu and Jain temples
Who created Kotla Fort at Delhi?
Firoz Tughlaq
Give an example of the architecture of the Lodis.
Lodi garden in Delhi
Amir Khusrau introduced many new ragas such as
Ghora and Sanam
Aamir Khusrau evolved on new style of light music known as
Qawwali
How is Qawwali made?
by blending the Hindu and Iranian music
Amir Khusrau is credited for the invention of
Tabla and Sitar
Where is the origin of Sufism?
In Persia
when did Sufism spread into India?
11th century
Names of some Sufi saints
- Shaikh Ismail of Lahore (First Sufi saint)
- Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti (Ajmer)
Under whom influence Bahauddin Zakariya came?
Another famous mystic, Shihabuddin Suhrawardi
What did Sufis believe?
They believed that service to humanity was tantamount to service to God
The Sufis lay stress on
Inner purity
who gave a new orientation to Hinduism in 9th century?
Shankaracharya
Where was Shankaracharya born?
in Kaladi in Kerala
Shankaracharya’s doctrine of Advaita or Monism was
too abstract to appeal to common man
What do we call God without attributes and God with attributes?
Nirguna Brahman (Advaita concept) And Saguna Brahman
When and where was Ramanuja born?
12th century and Sriperumbudur near modern Chennai
Ramanuja preached
Visishtadvaita
In the 13th century Madhav from Kannada region propagated
Dvaita or Dualism or Jivatma and Paramatma
Who were the preachers of Vaishnavite Bhakti in modern Telangana region?
Nimbarka and Vallabhacharya
Who was the disciple of Vallabhacharya?
Surdas
What did Surdas popularize?
Krishna cult in North India
Who was great devotee of Krishna?
Mirabai
Introduce Mirabai
Great devotee of Krishna and became popular in Rajasthan for her bhajans
Tulsidas was worshiper of
Rama
What did the Tulsidas compose?
Tulsidas composed the famous Ramcharitmanas, the Hindi version of Ramayana
In the 14th and 15th centuries, Ramananda, Kabir and Nanak remained great apostles of
Bhakti Cult
Where was Ramananda born?
At Allahabad
Originally Ramananda was a follower of
Ramanuja
Ramananda later founded his own sect and preached his principles in Hindi at
Banaras and Agra
Where was Kabir born?
Near Banaras
Kabir’s object was to
reconcile Hindus and Muslims and establish harmony between the two religions
What do we call the followers of Kabir?
Kabirpanthis
Who was the founder of Sikh religion?
Guru Nanak
Where was Guru Nanak born?
In Talwandi near Lahore
Who was Chaitanya?
A well-known saint and reformer of Bengal who popularized the Krishna cult.
Who was the founder of Bhakti movement in Maharashtra in 13th century?
Jnanadeva
Jnanadeva wrote a commentary on Bhagavad Gita called
Dnyaneshwari
What did Namadeva preached?
Gospel of love
What did Nama Deva opposed?
He opposed idol worship and priestly domination
Who opposed cast distinction and was sympathetic towards the lower class?
Ekanath
Who is Tukaram and what was he responsible for?
Tukaram is a contemporary of King Shivaji and was responsible for creating a background for Maratha nationalism
which dynasties ruled Vijayanagar from AD 1336 to 1672?
Sangama, Saluva, Tuluva and Aravidu
Some Indigenous literature of this period?
Vijaynagar
Krishnadevaraya’s Amuktamalyada, Gangadevi’s Madhuravijayam, and Allasani Peddanna’s Manucharitam
The greatest ruler of Sangama dynasty was
Deva Raya II
after his death the Sangama dynasty became weak
Who founded Saluva dynasty?
Saluva Narasimha
For how long did the Saluva dynasty reigned?
for a short period, 1486-1509.
Who founded Tuluva dynasty?
Vira Narasimha
Who is the greatest of Vijayanagar rulers?
Krishnadevaraya from Tuluva dynasty
What were the Eight eminent scholars known as?
Ashtadiggajas
Who were Ashtadiggajas?
Ashtadiggajas is the collective title given to the eight great Telugu scholars and poets in the court of Emperor Krishnadevaraya
Who were the greatest within Ashtadiggajas?
Allasani Peddanna also called Andharakavita Pitamaga.
The important work of Allasani includes
Manucharitam and Harikathasaram
Other important scholars of the court of Krishnadevaraya?
Pingali Suranna and Tenali Ramakrishna
Krishna Deva Raya authored a Telugu work which is
Amuktamalyada
Krishna Deva Raya also authored Sanskrit works which are
Jambavati Kalyanam and Ushaparinayam
Krishna Deva Raya also built
the famous Vittala swami and Hazara Ramaswamy and a large number of Rajagopuram.
Krishnadevaraya built the new city,
Nagalapuram in memory of his queen, Nagaladevi
The most imp. temples of Vijayanagar styles were found in the
Hampi ruins
Best example of Vijayanagar style
Vittalaswamy and Hazara Ramaswamy
which temples stand as example for the magnificence of the Vijayanagar style of the temple artitechture?
Varadharaja and Ekambaranatha temples at Kanchipuram
Aravidu dynasty is the
fourth and the last Hindu dynasty of Vijayanagar Empire in South India
Founder of Aravidu
Tirumala Deva Raya
Who is Rama Raya?sa
Brother of Tirumala Deva Raya and the masterful regent of the last ruler of the previous dynasty.
The founder of the Bahami Kingdom was
Alauddin Bahman Shah
Alauddin Bahman Shah is also known as
Hasan Gangu
When was the Bahmani Kingdom established?
in 1347
Capital of Bahmani Kingdom
Gulbarga
Who shifted the capital?
Ahmed Wali Shah shifted to capital from Gulbarga to Bidar.
The power of Bahmani kingdom reached its peak under the rule of
Muhammad Shah III
The success of Muhammad Shah was due to the advice and services of his minister
Mahmud Gawan
Who is Mahmud Gawan?
A Persian merchant who possessed a great knowledge of mathematics, by endowments-built college in Bidar in Persian style of architecture, also a military genius.
Conquest of Mahmud Gawan include
Konkan, Goa and Krishnadasa-Godavari delta
By the year 1527, the Bahmani kingdom had disintegrated into five independent sultanates which were-
Ahmednagar, Bijapur, Berar, Golkonda and Bidar also known as Deccan Sultanates
Who was the founder of the Mughal Empire in India?
Babur
Who is the father of Babur?
Umar Shaikh Mirza
Babur succeeded his father Umar Shaikh Mirza as the ruler of
Farghana
The five prominent Muslim rulers–
the sultans of Delhi, Gujarat, Malwa, Bengal and Deccan
The two prominent Hindu rulers on the eve of Babur’s invasion of India–
Rana Sanga of Mewar and Vijayanagar Empire
What did Babur proclaim himself as
Emperor of Hindustan
What title did Babur assumed?
the title of ghazi
When and involved whom in the battle of Khanwa (near agra)?
Rana Sanga of Mewar marched against Babur and in 1527 Babur won a decisive victory over him.
Babur was a great scholar in?
Arabic and Persian languages
the memoir of babur
Tuzuk-i-Baburi in turkish language
The eldest son of babur
humayun
details of the battle of chausa
humayun marched against sher shah (battle held in 1539) sher shah destroyed the mughal army and humayun escaped from there.
why did humayun reached agra?
to negotiate with his elder brother
did humayun got the support of his elder brother?
no, they were not cooperative, humayun was forced to fight with sher shah alone in the battle of Bilgram
when the battle of Bilgram was fought and it’s also known as?
in 1540, also known as the battle of Kannauj. and humayun was thoroughly defeated by sher shah
Who is the founder of sur dynasty
sher shah
sher shah’s empire consisted of ?
the whole north India except Assam, Nepal, Kashmir and Gujarat.
what did sher shah built?
a new city on the banks of river Yamuna near Delhi, also built a mausoleum at Sasaram, which is considered as one of the masterpieces of Indian architecture
Who wrote the famous Hindi work Padmavat during the reign of Sher Shah
Malik Muhammad Jayasi
when did Humayun defeated Afghans and recovered Mughal throne?
In 1555
Commander in chief of Afghanistan (1556-1605)
Hemu
Second battle of Panipat in
1556
Why did Hemu still lost the second battle of Panipat even being at the point of victory?
An arrow pierced his eye and he became unconscious, his army fled, and fortune favored Akbar
What had been constructed by Akbar?
Buland Darwaja at Fatehpur Sikri after the victory over Gujarat in AD 1572 and also built Ibadat Khana (Hall of prayer) at Fatehpur Sikri and issued Degree of Infallibility (AD 1579).
Who is Harkha Bai?
Daughter of Rajput ruler Bharmal, married to Akbar.
Akbar conquered
Northern India from Agra to Gujarat and then from Agra to Bengal. Strengthened the Northwest frontier.
First English man, who visited Akbar’s court was
Ralph Fitch in AD 1585
Status od Jaziyah in the reign of Akbar.
He abolished Jaziyah (AD 1564). He believed in Sulh-i-kul (peace of all)
Who was the first to embrace Din-i-Ilahi (AD 1582) the religious order of Akbar?
Birbal
What was the Land revenue system called?
Todar Mal Bandobast or Zabti system
What was the Zabti system?
It included measurement of land, classification or land and fixation of rent.
What did Akbar introduced to organize nobility and army?
Mansabdari system (holder of rank)
Who were the Navratnas of Akbar’s court?
Todarmal, Abul Fazal, Faizi, Birbal, Tansen, Abdur Rahin Khan-i-Khana, Mullah-do-Pyaza, Raja Man Singh and Fakir Aziao-Din.
Reign timeline of Jahangir
AD 1605-1627)
Whom did Jahangir execute?
The fifth Sikh guru, Guru Arjan Dev.
What was the greatest failure of Jahangir?
The loss of Kandahar to Persia in AD 1622
Who did Jahangir marry?
Mehr-un-Nisa in AD 1611 and conferred the title of Nurjahan on her.
Englishmen who visited Jahangir’s court
Captain Hawkins (1608) and Sir Thomas Roe (1615)
Famous painters in the court of Jahangir
Abdul Hassan, Ustad Mansur and Bishandas
Timeline of Shahjahan
AD 1628-1658
Shahjahan annexed
Ahmadnagar while Bijapur and Golconda accepted his overlordship
Shahjahan secured Kandahar in
AD 1639
Which foreigners visited Shahjahan’s court?
Two Frenchmen, Bernier and Tavernier and an Italian adventurer Manucci visited his court.
Shahjahan has built
Moti Masjid and Taj Mahal at Agra, Jama Masjid and Red Fort at Delhi
Shahjahan’s reign is considered as the
Golden Age of the Mughal Artitecture.
Reign of Aurangzeb (Alamgir)
AD 1658-1707
Aurangzeb became victorious after
the brutal war of succession among his brothers Dara, Shuja and Murad.
Rebellions during the rule of Aurangzeb
Jat Peasantry at Mathura, Satnami peasantry in Punjab and Bundelas in Bundelkhand
What did Aurangzeb annex?
Marwar in AD 1658
The annexation of Marwar in AD 1658 led to a
serious rift between Rajput and Mughals after the death of Raja Jaswant Singh
Which guru did Aurangzeb Execute?
Ninth Sikh guru, Guru Tegh Bahadur in AD 1675
Mughal conquest reached territorial climax during the reign of?
Aurangzeb
What was Aurangzeb called?
Darvesh or a Zinda Pir.
Who forbade Sati?
Aurangzeb
Aurangzeb conquered
Bijapur (AD 1686) and Golconda (AD1687) and reimposed Jaziya in AD 1679
What did Aurangzeb built?
Biwi ka Makbara on the tomb of his queen Raba-ud-Durani at Aurangabad; Moti Masjid within the Red Fort, Delhi; and the Jami or Badshahi Mosque at Lahore.
Cause behind the fall of Mughal Empire
🕕Weak and incompetent successors
🕕Wars of successions
🕕Aurangzeb’s Deccan, Religious and Rajput policies
🕕Jagirdari crisis
🕕Growth of Marathas and other regional powers
🕕Foreign invasions of Nadir Shah (1739) and Abdali.
Bahadur Shah I (1707-1712) OG name was
Muazzam titled as Shah Alam I
Jahandar Shah (1712-1713)
Ascended the throne with the help of Zulfikar Khan and abolished Jaziya
Farrukhsiyar (1713- 1719)
He lacked ability and knowledge to rule independently. His reign was the emergence of the Sayyid Brothers.
Muhammad Shah (1719-1748)
Nadir Shah invaded India and took away Peacock throne and Kohinoor diamond
Ahmad Shah (1748-1754)
Ahmad Shah Abdali (General of Nadir Shah marched towards Delhi and the Mughals ceded Punjab and Multan.
Alamgir (1754-1759)
Ahmed Shah occupied Delhi. Later, Delhi was plundered by Marathas
Shah Alam II (1759- 1806)
He could not enter Delhi for two years
Akbar II (1806-1837)
pensioner of East India Company. He gave the title ‘Raja’ to Ram Mohan Roy.
Bahadur Shah II (1837-1857)
He was the Last Mughal Emperor who was made premier during the 1857 revolt
Literature of Mughal period
Babur (Tuzuk-i-Baburi); Abul Fazal (Ain-i-Akbari, Akbarnama ; Jahangir (Tuzuk-i-Jahangir) ; Hamid Lahori (Padshahnama) ; Darashikoh (Majma-ul-Bahrain) ; Mirza Md Qasim (Alamgirnama)
Marathas reign
AD 1674-1818
Shivaji
AD 1627-1680
Where was Shivaji born and to whom?
Born at Shivner to Shahji Bhonsle and Jijabai.
Religious teacher of Shivaji was
Samarth Ramdas
Gaurdian of Shivaji
Dadaji Kondadev
The treaty of Purandar (AD 1665) was signed between
Shivaji and Mughals
Where was the coronation of Shivaji held?
At Raigarh (AD 1674)
What title did Shivaji assume?
Haindava Dharmoddharak (Protector of Hinduism)
The Ashtapradhan of Shivaji who helped him in administration were
Peshwas, Sar-i-Naubat (military), Mazumdar or Amatya (accounts), Waqenavis (intelligence), Surunavis (correspondence), Dabir or Sumanta (ceremonies), Nyaydhish (Justice) and Panditrao(Religious and Charity works).
The successors of Shivaji were
Sambhaji, Rajaram and Shahu
Shahu fought
Battle of Khed in AD 1708
Peshwas reign
AD 1713-1818
First Peshwa
Balaji Vishwanath
Balaji Vishwanath concluded an agreement with the
Sayyid Brothers (the king of makers in the history) by which Mughal emperor Farukhsiyyar recognised Shahu as the king of Swarajya.
The greatest exponent of guerilla tactics after Shivaji was
Baji Rao
Under the rule of Baji Rao
Maratha power reached its zenith and system confederacy began.
Whom did Baji Rao defeat?
Siddis of Janjira
Baji Rao conquered of
Bassein and Salsette from Portuguese
Balaji Baji Rao was known as
Nana Sahib
The third battle of Panipat
in AD 1761 between Marathas and Ahmed Shah Abdali gave a big jolt to Maratha empire.
Guru Nanak Ji
(1469-39) founded Sikh religion
Guru Angad
(1539-52) invented Gurumukhi
Guru Amardas
(1552-74) struggled against Sati system, and Purdah system and established 22 Gadiyans to propagate religion.
Guru Ramdas
(1574-81) founded Swarna Mandir (Golden Temple) and composed Adi Granth, which later expanded into Guru Granth Sahib.
Guru Arjan Das
(1581-1606) Compiled the first official edition of Sikh Scripture, Adi Granth.
Guru Hargobind Singh
(1606-44) established Akal Takht and fortified Amritsar.
Guru Har Rai
(1644-61) provided medical care to Dara Shikoh.
Guru Har Krishan
(1661-64)
Guru Tegh Bahadur
(1664-75)
Guru Gobind Singh
(1675-1708) was the last Guru who founded the Khalsa. After him sikh guruship ended.
