MODERN FINAL: MOVEMENTS

Question 1

IMPRESSIONISM

Answer 1

• started in 1814
• plein-air (as opposed to studio) every day life
• short, broken brush strokes
• unbalanced colors
• colors in shadows, brightness
• speed in motion & time
• important artists: Monet, Cassatt, Degas

Question 2

HAUSSMANNIZATION OF PARIS

Answer 2

• during impressionism
• population explosion of the 19th century
• demolishes many medieval streets & buildings
• builds new sewers

Question 3

NEO-IMPRESSIONISM

Answer 3

• colors blend together further away (Chevreul and Rood)
• started in 1886
• added math techniques to impressionism
• pointillism
• important artists: Signac, Seraut, Luce

Question 4

POST IMPRESSIONISM

Answer 4

• expressing emotions/deeper meanings
• simplified colors
• were not originally considered a group
• important artists: Gauguin, Cézanne, van Gogh, Seurat

Question 5

FAUVISM

Answer 5

• first art movement of the 20th century
• non local color
• direct, violent brushstrokes
• color squeezed directly from the tube
• inspired by Cézanne

Question 6

SYMBOLISM

Answer 6

• about the unreal, a mode of feeling
• work of art is a consequence of emotions and inner spirit, rather than of observed nature
• important artist: Redon

Question 7

ART NOVEAU

Answer 7

• stemming from the arts-and-crafts movement
• against industrializtion, seen as a threat to true craftsmanship
• great art was to be both beautiful & useful/utilitarian
• return to simplicity
• made use of new technology
• relies on natural imagery
• resist becoming completely non-objective
• important artists: van de Welde, Klimt, Toulouse-Lautrec

Question 8

PRE-RAPHAELITES

Answer 8

• oldest movement, started before impressionist
• founded by Dante Gabriel Rossetti, William Holman-Hunt, John Everett
• machine age
• beauty and sprirituality had been lost in the machine age, as had morality
• clung to detail
• Gothic & 15th century art
• important artists: Ruskin, Millais, Hunt

Question 9

EXPRESSIONISM

Answer 9

• in Germany 1905

Die Brücke

• comprised originally of architecture students
• often depicted life of the city
• often compared to Fauvism for the use of bright colors and non-local color
• inspired by “primitive” art
• bridge between art of the past & the avant-garde

Question 10

DADA

Answer 10

• from Zurich
• a state of mind not necessarily a specific style of work
• there are multiple meanings for everything
• revolting against set knowledge and only one way of doing things
• cohenrence of beauty & order
• Cabaret Voltaire
• characteristics: brutism, simultaneity - all happening at the same time, chance
• important artists: Hans Arp, Schwitters, Ernst, Duchamp

Question 11

FUTURISM

Answer 11

• in Italy
• interested in what the future of art holds
• visual manifestation in their works of art
• want to put the viewer in the middle of painting
• against the nude
• believe in war as a logical process
• space: the merging of an object with its environment
• indebted to the cubism & pointillism
• interested in the beauty of revolution, war, speed, and modern technology
• opposed traditional institutions
• not a unified group
• important artists: Carlo, Balla, Russolo, Boccioni

Question 12

CONSTUCTIVISM

Answer 12

• Russia
• constructing rather than carving away
• architectural based
• in favor of art as a practice for social purposes
• influenced modern art movements like the Bauhaus & De Stijil
• important artists: Tatlin, Rodchenko, Gabo

Question 13

DE STIJIL

Answer 13

• Holland
• time when other countries could take the lead in art (France was in the war)
• against tradition
• simplification & abstraction
• the straight line = clarity and order
• harmony between man and the universe
• important artists: Mondrian, Doesburg

Question 14

SURREALISM

Answer 14

Organic Surrealism

• automatic thinking/ painting
• important artists: Miró, Masson, Ernst

Naturalistic

Question 15

REGIONALISM

Answer 15

• important artists: Wood, Benton

Question 16

MEXICAN MURALISM

Answer 16

• Diego Rivera
• David Alfaro Siqueiro
• Jose Vasconcelos: government official who goes out and finds artist to paint government buildings in Mexico
• Jose Clemente Orozco

Question 17

ABSTRACT EXPRESSIONISM

Answer 17

• expressing inner spirituality of the artist in pure form
• the canvases were a stage & the works were a commentary on the process fo the work
• want to be in the work
• trauma of WWII
• rise of extistentialism
• characteristics of brutality and roughness
• important artists: Bacon, Debuffet, Giacometti

Question 18

POP ART

Answer 18

• unlikely rebellion on mid 50’s-60’s
• the Institute of Contemporary Arts
• informal goup of London artist
• formed the IG or independent group in 1952
• hosted Eduardo Paolozzi’s lecture Bunk in 1954
• figurative or realist
• urban environment use of common motifs in new way
• figurative and/or realist
• rooted in the urban environment/consumer culture
• use of common motifs in a new way
• an artist should be a man or woman of their time
• important artists: Lichtenstein, Oldenburg, Warhol, Rosenquist

Question 19

POST PAINTERLY ABSTRACTION

Answer 19

• exhibition held at the LACMA in 1964
• traveled to the Walker Art Center & the Toronto Art Gallery
• exhibited 31 American & Canadian Artists
• abstract expressionism had firmly been solidified as a bona fide movement
• their color palettes - bold, primary colors; super flat no texture; every gesture is an existential hand writing - no mystery in the process - trying to take the hand of the artist out of the equation entirely
• important artists: Frankenthaler, Louis, Noland, Kelly, Stella, Smith, Caro

Question 20

MINIMALISM

Answer 20

• the “end of art”: art had always been about illusion and now it only had to be about itself
• important artists: Andre, Flavin, Lewitt, Nevelson, Judd

Question 21

THE CHICAGO SCHOOL OF ART

Answer 21

• describes many of the buildings constructed in Chicago in 1880’s-1890’s
• commercial style
• great Chicago fire
• veticality
• steel frame architecture with masonry
• echoes of the column through design and ornamentation, ending in cornice
• The Chicago window