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Biological Foundations > Modern Biology > Flashcards

Modern Biology Flashcards

1
Q

biotechnology

A

use of biological agents for technological advancement.

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2
Q

genome

A

an entire set of DNA molecules in the nucleus is called

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3
Q

lysis buffer

A

a solution which is mostly a detergent and splits/breaks down cells

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4
Q

proteases

A

break down proteins

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5
Q

ribonucleases

A

break down RNA

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6
Q

Gel electrophoresis

A

technique used to separate molecules on the basis of size

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7
Q

nucleic acid in a gel matrix can be

A

observed using various fluorescent or colored dye

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8
Q

polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

A

technique used to amplify specific regions of DNA for further analysis

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9
Q

PCR can be used for many purposes in laboratories such as

A

cloning of gene fragments to analyze genetic diseases, identification of contaminant foreign DNA in a sample, and the amplification of DNA for sequencing.

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10
Q

PCR can help with

A

determination of paternity and detection of genetic diseases

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11
Q

reverse transcriptase PCR

RT-PCR

A

It amplifies DNA fragments through an RNA template

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12
Q

reverse transcription

A

first step is to recreate the original DNA template strand by applying DNA nucleotides to the mRNA.

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13
Q

short DNA fragments called

A

probes are designed and labeled with radioactive or fluorescent dyes to aid detection

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14
Q

the fragments in the gel are then transferred onto a nylon membrane in a procedure called

A

blotting

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15
Q

when DNA is transferred to a nylon membrane, it is called

A

Southern blotting.

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16
Q

When RNA is transferred to a nylon membrane it is called

A

northern blotting

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17
Q

Only Southern blotting is capitalized because

A

it is named after the scientist who pioneered the technique, Edwin Southern.

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18
Q

fred Sanger developed the

A

sequencing method used for the human genome sequencing project, which is widely used today.

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19
Q

Fred sangers method is known as

A

the dideoxy chain termination method

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20
Q

the sequencing method is based on the use of

A

chain terminators, the dideoxynucleotides (ddNTPs)

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21
Q

ddNTPSs differ from deoxynucelotides by the

A

lack of free 3’ OH group on the five-carbon sugar.

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22
Q

if a ddNTP is added to a growing a DNA strand, the chain is

A

not extended any further because the free 3’ OH group needed to add another nucleotide is not available.

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23
Q

By using a predetermined ratio of deoxyribonucelotides to dideoxynucelotides, it is possible to

A

generate DNA fragments of different sizes.

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24
Q

The first step is, The DNA sample to be sequenced is

A

denatured of separated into two strands by heating it to high temperatures.

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25
Q

The DNA is divided into four tubes in which a

A

primer, DNA polymerase, and all four nucleotides (A,T,G, and C) are added.

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26
Q

in addition to each of the four tubes,

A

limited quantities of one of the four dideoxynucleotides are added to each tube respectively.

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27
Q

the gel for gel electrophoresis is made of a chemical called

A

agarose

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28
Q

agarose power is added

A

to a buffer and heated. after cooling, the gel solution is poured, and once it solidifies, an electric Current is applied

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29
Q

the electric current is applied for sufficient time to

A

let the DNA seperate according to size;

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30
Q

the smallest fragments will be

A

farthest from the well (where the DNA was loaded)

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31
Q

the heavier molecular weight fragments will be

A

closest to the well.

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32
Q

the re-creation of a whole organism is referred to as

A

reproductive cloning

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33
Q

researchers learned how to reproduce desired regions or fragments of the genome, a process that is referred to as

A

molecular cloning

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34
Q

cloning small fragments of the genome allows for

A

the manipulation and study of specific genes, or noncoding regions in isolation.

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35
Q

a plasmid (also called a vector) is a

A

small circular DNA molecule that replicates independently of the chromosomal DNA of microorganisms such as E. coli

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36
Q

in cloning, the plasmid molecules can be used to

A

provide a “folder” in which to insert a desired DNA fragment

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37
Q

plasmids are usually

A

introduced into a bacterial host for proliferation.

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38
Q

the fragment of DNA from the human genome is referred to as

A

foreign DNA or trans gene

39
Q

the DNA of the bacterium is called the

A

host DNA

40
Q

plasmids occur naturally in bacterial populations and have genes that contribute favorable traits the organism, such as

A

antibiotic resistance (the ability to be unaffected by antibiotics

41
Q

restriction endonuceleases

A

recognize specific DNA sequences and cut them in a predictable manner

42
Q

plasmids with foreign DNA inserted into them are called

A

recombinant DNA molecules because they are created. artificially and do not occur in nature.

43
Q

proteins that are expressed from recombinant DNA molecules are called

A

recombinant proteins

44
Q

reproductive cloning is a method used to

A

make a clone or an identical copy of an entire multicellular organism.

45
Q

most multicellular organisms undergo reproduction by sexual means

A

which involves genetic hyrbidization of two individuals, making it impossible for generation of an identical copy or clone of either parant

46
Q

parthenogenesis or “virgin birth” occurs when an

A

embryo grows and develops without the fertilization of the egg occuring

47
Q

sexual reproduction requires two cells;

A

when the haploid egg and sperm cell fuse, a diploid zygote results

48
Q

somatic cell nuclear transfer is the technique of

A

transferring a diploid nucleus into an enucleated egg. It can be used for either therapeutic cloning or reproductive cloning.

49
Q

The first cloned animal was Dolly

A

a sheep who was born in 1996

50
Q

genetic engineering is the

A

alternation of an organisms genotype using recombinant DNA technology to modify an organisms DNA to achieve desirable traits.

51
Q

The addition of foreign DNA in the form of recombinant DNA vectors generated by molecular cloning is the

A

most common method of genetic engineering

52
Q

the organism that receives the recombinant DNA its called a

A

genetically modified organism (GMO)

53
Q

if the foreign DNA that is introduced comes from a different species, the host organism is called

A

transgenic

54
Q

reverse genetics has resulted in

A

reversing the classic gene methodology

55
Q

gene targeting is the use of

A

recombinant DNA vectors to alter the expression of a particular gene, either by introducing mutations in a gene, or by eliminating the expression of certain gene by deleting a part or all of the gene sequence from the genome of an organism

56
Q

_____ developed the method widely used to sequence DNA

A

sanger

57
Q

DNA can be separated based on fragment size using _____.

A

gel electrophoresis

58
Q

a specific gene can be altered in order to study its basic function via _____.

A

gene targeting

59
Q

the first reproductively cloned animal was ______.

A

dolly the sheep

60
Q

cellular cloning can be used to study ______.

A

asexual reproduction

61
Q

Northern blots are used to _____.

A

detect gene expression.

62
Q

The widely used Sanger sequencing method utilizes dideoxynucelotide chain terminators to ______.

A

generate DNA fragments of different sizes

63
Q

_____ are created by introducing recombinant DNA into an organism

A

GMO’s

64
Q

The process of testing for suspected genetic defects before administering treatment is called

A

genetic diagnosis by genetic testing.

65
Q

women diagnosed with

A

breast cancer are usually advised to have a biopsy so that the medical team can determine the genetic basis of cancer development.

66
Q

gene therapy is a genetic engineering technique used to

A

cure disease

67
Q

gene therapy involves the introduction of a good gene at a

A

random location in the genome to aid the cure of a disease that is caused by a mutated gene.

68
Q

traditional vaccination strategies use weakened or inactive forms of microorganisms to

A

mount the initial immune response

69
Q

modern techniques use the genes of microorganisms

A

cloned into vectors to mass produce the desired antigen

70
Q

antibiotics are produced on a large scale by

A

cultivating and manipulating fungal cells

71
Q

recombinant DNA technology was used to produce

A

large-scale quantities of insulin in E coli as early as 1978.

72
Q

transgenic organisms possess

A

DNA from a different species, usually generated by molecular cloning techniques.

73
Q

vaccines, antibiotics and hormones are examples of products obtained by

A

recombinant technology

74
Q

transgenic plants are usually created to

A

improve characteristics of crop plants.

75
Q

some proteins require a

A

eukaryotic animal host for proper processing.

76
Q

the desired genes are cloned and expressed in

A

animals such as sheep, goats, chickens, and mice.

77
Q

several human proteins are expressed in milk of

A

transgenic sheep and goats, and some are expressed in the eggs of chickens

78
Q

manipulating the DNA of plants has helped create

A

desirable traits, such as disease resistance, herbicide, and pesticide resistance, better nutritional value, and better shelf life.

79
Q

gene transfer occurs

A

naturally between species in microbial population

80
Q

The first GM crop to be introduced into the market was the

A

Flavr Savr tomato produced in 1994.

81
Q

human growth hormone produced by molecular cloning is ______.

A

a recombinant protein

82
Q

several human proteins are produced _____.

A

in the milk of transgenic goats

83
Q

_____ have been used extensively for expressing and studying the effects of recombinant genes and mutations.

A

mice

84
Q

scientists utilizes A. tumefaciens to _____.

A

introduce new DNA into plants

85
Q

In 2001, the first use of genomics in forensics was published.

A

it was a collaborative attempt between academic research institutions and the FBI to solve the mysterious cases of anthrax communicated via the US postal service.

86
Q

Mitochondrial genomics is often used to

A

trace genealogy

87
Q

Dna fingerprinting is a forensic technique used to

A

identify individuals by characteristics of their DNA

88
Q

GMOs are created by ____.

A

introducing recombinant DNA into an organism by any means

89
Q

____ can be used to introduce foreign DNA into cells of tissues to cure inheritable disease.

A

gene therapy v

90
Q

____ are commonly used research model for studying the effects of genetic defects in mammals

A

mice

91
Q

____ is necessary in ongoing agricultural GMO efforts because genetic signatures need to be Linked to traits

A

genomics

92
Q

Nylon membrane

A

Blotting

93
Q

DNA polymerase

A

Responsible for forming new copies of DNA

Biological Foundations (4 decks)

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