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Biological Foundations > Exam 3 Bio > Flashcards

Exam 3 Bio Flashcards

1
Q

The building blocks of DNA are

A

Nucleotides

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2
Q

In order to make DNA, there must be 3 things:

A
  1. A nitrogenous base - A,T,C,G
  2. A sugar (Deoxyribose (5-carbon sugar))
  3. Phosphate group
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3
Q

The information stored in the order of bases is organized into the

A

genes

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4
Q

Meselson and Stahl determined DNA replicates by a

A

semi-conservative model

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5
Q

DNA replication is catalyzed by

A

DNA Polymerase

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6
Q

A Helicase helps

A

unwind and separate the DNA helices

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7
Q

In proofreading, the DNA polymer

A

reads the newly added base before adding the next one so a correction can be made

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8
Q

Mismatch repair are

A

corrections that occur after replication is completed

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9
Q

In nucelotide excision repair, enzymes

A

replace incorrect bases by making a cut on both ends of the incorrect base.

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10
Q

The lytic cycle

A

the virus explodes the cell

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11
Q

Lysogenic cycle

A

virus injects itself

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12
Q

DNA ligase

A

dna linking enzyme

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13
Q

Horizontal transmission

A

between different plants

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14
Q

vertical transmission

A

from parent to child

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15
Q

Initiation- the beginning of

A

transcription when the enzyme RNA Polymerase binds to a region of a gene called the promoter.

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16
Q

Elongation

A

Addition of nucleotides to the mRNA strand

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17
Q

Termination

A

ending of transcription, and occurs when RNA polymerase crosses a stop sequence in the gene

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18
Q

What is needed for translation?

A

mRNA template, ribosomes, tRNAs

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19
Q

Ribosomes

A

a complex macromolecule composed of structural and catalytic rRNAs

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20
Q

tTRNAs

A

transfer amino acids. 1 amino acid at a time

21
Q

RNA

A

mRNA- Cookbook
rRNA- Kitchen
tRNA- Shopping cart (transferring food to the kitchen first)

22
Q

Amino acids were encoded by

A

nucleotide triplets

23
Q

The genetic code was

A

degenerate

24
Q

Can have up to

A

64 possible mRNA codons

25
Q

The genetic code is

A

universal

26
Q

Central Dogma of Life

A

It is our proper order. Every living thing goes by this rulebook.

27
Q

DNA to RNA is

A

transcription

28
Q

RNA to protein is

A

translation

29
Q

Mutations are

A

changes in DNA sequence

30
Q

Induced mutations are those that result from

A

exposure to chemicals, UV rays, X-Rays, or some other environmental agent

31
Q

Spontaneous mutations occur

A

without any exposure to any enviormental agent

This can be a result of natural reactions taking place within the body

32
Q

Silent Mutations

A

have no impact on an organism

33
Q

Point mutations

A

affect a single base pair

34
Q

Transition substitutions

A

refers to a purine or pyrimidine being replaced by the same

35
Q

insertions

A

add a base

36
Q

deletions

A

remove a base

37
Q

Gene regulation is how a cell

A

controls which genes, out of the many genes in its genome are turned on (expressed)

38
Q

Eukaryotic organisms regulate gene expression at

A

all stages of transcription and translation

39
Q

Epigenetic

A

DNA uncoiling and binding of transcription factors

40
Q

Transcriptional

A

when RNA is being transcribed

41
Q

Post-transcriptional

A

RNA is processing and movement to the cytoplasm

42
Q

Translational

A

when RNA is translated

43
Q

Post-Translational

A

after a protein is made

44
Q

Structural proteins with related functions are usually encoded together within the genome in a block called an

A

Operon and are transcribed together under the control of a single promoter

45
Q

A repressor is a transcription factor that

A

suppresses transcription of a gene in response to an external stimulus by binding to a DNA sequence within the regulatory region called the operator

46
Q

An activator is a transcription factor that increases the

A

transcription of a gene in response to an external stimuli by facilitating RNA polymerase binding to the promoter

47
Q

An inducer is a

A

small molecule that either activates or represses transcription by interacting with a repressor or an activator.

48
Q

Introns are

A

parts of the RNA that are cut off before it enters translation

49
Q

The region of RNA that code for proteins are called

A

Exons

Biological Foundations (4 decks)

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