models, theories and studies

Question 1

marmot 2010

Answer 1

the more favoured people are socially and economically, the better their wealth

Question 2

Becker 1974

Answer 2

Health Belief model

Question 3

aim of HBM

Answer 3

aims to explain and predict health related behaviours

Question 4

Fishbein and Azjen 1985

Answer 4

theory of planned behaviour

Question 5

TPB aim

Answer 5

aims to link intention with likelihood of behaviour

says intention is influenced by personal attitude, subjective norms and personal control beliefs

Question 6

Bandura

Answer 6

theory of self-efficacy from the social cognitive theory

Question 7

lazarus and folkman (x2)

Answer 7

transactional theory of stress

problem-based vs emotional-based coping strategies

Question 8

transactional theory of stress

Answer 8

stress is a 2 way process

involves production of stressors by the environment and the response of the individual

Question 9

holmes and rahe

Answer 9

social readjustment scale

measures how people rate different types of stressor from 0-3

Question 10

kiecolt and glaser

Answer 10

tested effects of exam stress on immune functioning

found increased T cell count 1 month before exams compared to day before

Question 11

skinner et al 2003

Answer 11

coping strategies classification

from >100 to 12 strategies

Question 12

kuber-ross 1969

Answer 12

stages of grief cycle

explains coping flexibility

Question 13

coping flexibility defn

Answer 13

the ability to discontinue and ineffective coping strategy and implement an alternative one

Question 14

social support defn.

Answer 14

perceived comfort, caring, esteem or help a person receives from others

Question 15

according to HBM what factors drive beliefs to change

Answer 15

perceived threat:
–> perceived susceptibility and perceived severity

evaluation of behaviour:
–> weighing up perceived pros of intervention and perceived barriers

Question 16

3 stages of decision making

Answer 16

motivation
action
maintenance

Question 17

what factors determine how stressful an event is

Answer 17

stress appraisal/ perception
psychological differences
coping mechanisms

Question 18

4 types of social support

Answer 18

EIIA

emotional
instrumental
informational
appraisal

Question 19

clinical ice berg

Answer 19

only 1/3 of people experiencing symptoms report to HCPs

majority of ill-health goes unreported

Question 20

statistic on adherence to medication

Answer 20

only 40-55% report adherence to medication

results in increased hospital admissions

Question 21

2 endocrine mechanisms of stress response

Answer 21

Sympathetic Adrenal Medullary Axis

Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal Axis

Question 22

coping def.

Answer 22

process of managing stressors, reducing perceived discrepancy between demands and resources and regulating -ve emotions

Question 23

holt-lunstad 2010 (x3)

Answer 23

lack of social connections is as damaging as smoking 15 cigarettes a day

stronger social relationships are associated with 50% increased odds of survival

social support perceived as least useful intervention

Question 24

putnam 2000

Answer 24

overall lack of social connection have negative health consequences and can be linked to increased mortality rates

Question 25

Tajfel and Turner 1979

Answer 25

social identity theory

Question 26

what does social identity theory aim to explain

Answer 26

relationship between self and group to explain group behaviours

Question 27

crandell 2012

Answer 27

expressing prejudice is a social norm | obesity bias is seen as most acceptable

Question 28

green 2007

Answer 28

raising awareness of bias can help HCPs to override it

Question 29

brewer and miller

Answer 29

decategorisation approach to reducing bias for HCPs1

Question 30

van laarhoven 2105

Answer 30

evidence for placebo effect | decreased itch for psoriasis patients in placebo arm of trial

Question 31

social cognitive theory | 4 factors that determine behaviour

Answer 31

goals outcome expectancy self-efficacy sociostructual variables

Question 32

howick 2013

Answer 32

found no significant difference between placebo effect and treatment effects

Question 33

ersnt et al 1995

Answer 33

trials should have 3 arms 1 - treatment 2 - placebo 3 - no treatment

Question 34

NHS statement on bias

Answer 34

"equitable treatment, regardless of race, ethnicity etc, is a patient right"

Question 35

institute of medicine report 2003

Answer 35

black patients receive fewer health procedures and poorer quality health care

Question 36

placebo effect def.

Answer 36

effects from treatment which cannot be attributed to properties of the treatment

Question 37

de blasi 2001

Answer 37

care from HCPs is important for patient outcomes

Question 38

kaptchuk 2010 harvard

Answer 38

placebos effective without deception increased IBS improvement when given labelled placebo pill and told about benefits of placebo effect

Question 39

reflective-impulsive model

Answer 39

suggests that social cognition and behaviour are outcomes of reflective information processing and impulsive information processing

Question 40

Beurden 2018

Answer 40

impulse pal app engages reflective system to support dietary change for weight loss

Question 41

campbell 2007

Answer 41

group health care isnt suitable for everyone or every condition

Question 42

booth 2016

Answer 42

systemati review eevidence that group clinics are ffective

Question 43

tarrant 2017

Answer 43

psychological connections were central to the success of the weight loss programme social glue

Question 44

nackers et al 2015

Answer 44

group dynamics are important in outcome effectiveness (increased weight loss, attendance and adherence to diet plans) conflict within a group decreases effectiveness

Question 45

haslam G4H

Answer 45

groups 4 health intervention targets social isolation and disconnection helped people develop social ties and decreased their negative health-related consequences of social disconnection

Question 46

keep on brushing project new zealand

Answer 46

based upon HBM motivational texts sent daily to encourage tooth brushing behaviour highlighted benefits of brushing, susceptibilty of decay ad severity of cavities

Question 47

self-efficacy def.

Answer 47

how confident you are that you can successfully complete an intervention in the face of barriers

Question 48

what is meant by subjective norms

Answer 48

beliefs you are motivated to comply to | influenced by your opinion of information combined from different people

Question 49

browning et al 2009

Answer 49

study where 13-20% of people diagnosed with lung cancer continued to smoke

Question 50

self-regulatory model

Answer 50

framework for how symptoms/emotions from health-threat or diagnosis influence perception of illness and guide subsequent coping behaviour

Question 51

akey 2013

Answer 51

used HBM to understand the reasons why eating disorder patients forgo seeking social support