models, theories and studies Flashcards
marmot 2010
the more favoured people are socially and economically, the better their wealth
Becker 1974
Health Belief model
aim of HBM
aims to explain and predict health related behaviours
Fishbein and Azjen 1985
theory of planned behaviour
TPB aim
aims to link intention with likelihood of behaviour
says intention is influenced by personal attitude, subjective norms and personal control beliefs
Bandura
theory of self-efficacy from the social cognitive theory
lazarus and folkman (x2)
transactional theory of stress
problem-based vs emotional-based coping strategies
transactional theory of stress
stress is a 2 way process
involves production of stressors by the environment and the response of the individual
holmes and rahe
social readjustment scale
measures how people rate different types of stressor from 0-3
kiecolt and glaser
tested effects of exam stress on immune functioning
found increased T cell count 1 month before exams compared to day before
skinner et al 2003
coping strategies classification
from >100 to 12 strategies
kuber-ross 1969
stages of grief cycle
explains coping flexibility
coping flexibility defn
the ability to discontinue and ineffective coping strategy and implement an alternative one
social support defn.
perceived comfort, caring, esteem or help a person receives from others
according to HBM what factors drive beliefs to change
perceived threat:
–> perceived susceptibility and perceived severity
evaluation of behaviour:
–> weighing up perceived pros of intervention and perceived barriers
3 stages of decision making
motivation
action
maintenance
what factors determine how stressful an event is
stress appraisal/ perception
psychological differences
coping mechanisms
4 types of social support
EIIA
emotional
instrumental
informational
appraisal
clinical ice berg
only 1/3 of people experiencing symptoms report to HCPs
majority of ill-health goes unreported
statistic on adherence to medication
only 40-55% report adherence to medication
results in increased hospital admissions
2 endocrine mechanisms of stress response
Sympathetic Adrenal Medullary Axis
Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal Axis
coping def.
process of managing stressors, reducing perceived discrepancy between demands and resources and regulating -ve emotions
holt-lunstad 2010 (x3)
lack of social connections is as damaging as smoking 15 cigarettes a day
stronger social relationships are associated with 50% increased odds of survival
social support perceived as least useful intervention
putnam 2000
overall lack of social connection have negative health consequences and can be linked to increased mortality rates
Tajfel and Turner 1979
social identity theory
what does social identity theory aim to explain
relationship between self and group to explain group behaviours
crandell 2012
expressing prejudice is a social norm
obesity bias is seen as most acceptable
green 2007
raising awareness of bias can help HCPs to override it
brewer and miller
decategorisation approach to reducing bias for HCPs1
van laarhoven 2105
evidence for placebo effect
decreased itch for psoriasis patients in placebo arm of trial
social cognitive theory
4 factors that determine behaviour
goals
outcome expectancy
self-efficacy
sociostructual variables
howick 2013
found no significant difference between placebo effect and treatment effects
ersnt et al 1995
trials should have 3 arms
1 - treatment
2 - placebo
3 - no treatment
NHS statement on bias
“equitable treatment, regardless of race, ethnicity etc, is a patient right”
institute of medicine report 2003
black patients receive fewer health procedures and poorer quality health care
placebo effect def.
effects from treatment which cannot be attributed to properties of the treatment
de blasi 2001
care from HCPs is important for patient outcomes
kaptchuk 2010 harvard
placebos effective without deception
increased IBS improvement when given labelled placebo pill and told about benefits of placebo effect
reflective-impulsive model
suggests that social cognition and behaviour are outcomes of reflective information processing and impulsive information processing
Beurden 2018
impulse pal app
engages reflective system to support dietary change for weight loss
campbell 2007
group health care isnt suitable for everyone or every condition
booth 2016
systemati review eevidence that group clinics are ffective
tarrant 2017
psychological connections were central to the success of the weight loss programme
social glue
nackers et al 2015
group dynamics are important in outcome effectiveness (increased weight loss, attendance and adherence to diet plans)
conflict within a group decreases effectiveness
haslam G4H
groups 4 health intervention
targets social isolation and disconnection
helped people develop social ties and decreased their negative health-related consequences of social disconnection
keep on brushing project new zealand
based upon HBM
motivational texts sent daily to encourage tooth brushing behaviour
highlighted benefits of brushing, susceptibilty of decay ad severity of cavities
self-efficacy def.
how confident you are that you can successfully complete an intervention in the face of barriers
what is meant by subjective norms
beliefs you are motivated to comply to
influenced by your opinion of information combined from different people
browning et al 2009
study where 13-20% of people diagnosed with lung cancer continued to smoke
self-regulatory model
framework for how symptoms/emotions from health-threat or diagnosis influence perception of illness and guide subsequent coping behaviour
akey 2013
used HBM to understand the reasons why eating disorder patients forgo seeking social support
