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507 midterm > Models of psychopathology > Flashcards

Models of psychopathology Flashcards

1
Q

Psychodynamic Perspective

A

Psychopathology arises from ineffective efforts to resolve conflicts

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2
Q

3 levels of awareness according to psychodynamic theory

A

conscious: thoughts, feelings, behaviors (ego)
pre-conscious: info that is not conscious but is retrievable (super-ego)
Unconscious: a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, feelings, memories (id)

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3
Q

Id

A

Does not distinguish between reality and fantasy; operates according to pleasure principle and pursues immediate gratification. Run by biological instincts like hunger, sex, thirst.

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4
Q

Ego

A

Understands reality and logic; mediates between id and super ego. Can repress desires that cannot be met in an acceptable way.

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5
Q

Super ego

A

Conscience: internalization of societal and parental values. Provides standards for judgment and future aspirations.

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6
Q

Death instinct

A

Destructive energy, part of psychodynamic theory

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7
Q

How do the id, ego, and superego relate to psychological disorders?

A

overactive id=addiction

overactive super ego=social anxiety

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8
Q

Psychosexual stages of development

A

Oral, anal, phallic, latent, genital

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9
Q

Fixation

A

Stuck in a psychosexual stage if conflict was unresolved.

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10
Q

Defense mechanism

A

strategies developed by the ego to control unacceptable id impulses and to avoid or reduce the anxiety they arouse: regression, reaction formation, projection, rationalization, repression, displacement, sublimation

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11
Q

Psychoanalysis as treatment theory

A

Evidence is inadequate.
Theory is not testable: good at explaining past but not at prediction.
Sexism: believed women were inferior.
Fails to establish clear predictions of abnormal behavior.

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12
Q

Rorshach Inkblot test

A

Only 2 scoring systems with any empirical support. It can be used as a projective measure for schizophrenia.

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13
Q

Unconditioned stimulus

A

Stimulus that naturally triggers a response

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14
Q

Unconditioned response

A

Naturally occurring response to UC

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15
Q

Neutral stimulus

A

Hasn’t been paired with the US yet- if paired, can become a conditioned stimulus

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16
Q

Conditioned stimulus

A

Previously neutral stimulus paired with US

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17
Q

Conditioned response

A

A learned response to previously neutral stimulus

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18
Q

Which disorders does classical conditioning play an important role in?

A

Fear disorders, substance use disorders

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19
Q

How does classical conditioning relate to drug overdoses?

A

Overdoses typically occur in novel settings.

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20
Q

Operant conditioning

A

Type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by reinforcement or diminished if followed by punishment.

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21
Q

Law of Effect

A

Thorndike’s principle that rewarded behavior is likely to recur.

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22
Q

Reinforcer

A

An event that increases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated.

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23
Q

Punishment

A

Decreases the frequency of a behavior.

24
Q

Fixed ratio

A

A schedule of reinforcement in which the behavior is rewarded or punished every nth time it is repeated.

25
Q

Fixed interval

A

A schedule of reinforcement in which the behavior is rewarded or punished every nth minute. (After a certain time interval)

26
Q

Variable ratio

A

A schedule of reinforcement in which the behavior is rewarded or punished after a varied number of times it is repeated. (This is the most powerful schedule of reinforcement, and most resistant to extinction)

27
Q

Variable interval

A

A schedule of reinforcement in which the behavior is rewarded or punished after a varied amount of time

28
Q

Albert Bandura

A

Important figure in modeling research. (Bobo doll- children were more aggressive after watching a video of dolls being hit.)

29
Q

Modeling

A

process of observing and imitating behavior

30
Q

Behavioral model as treatment

A

Powerful force in clinical field
Can be studied
Actual behavior does not always follow basic principles of conditioning.
Emphasis on cognitions developed.

31
Q

Cognitive Model

A

Cognitive processes are seen to be at the center of behavior, thought, and emotions (thoughts are the main source of psychological problems)

32
Q

Cognitions

A

Thoughts, beliefs, assumptions, expectations; private, self-talk

33
Q

How do the principles of conditioning apply to thoughts?

A

Automatic thoughts can develop via respondent conditioning.

Thoughts, images can be shaped and increased or decreased in frequency via operant principles.

34
Q

The Cognitive Triad

A

Thoughts -> Feelings –> Behaviors: all influence each other when a trigger event happens.

35
Q

What are third wave CBT theories?

A

ACT, DBT, compassion focused (Buddhist origins), Mindfulness Based CBT

36
Q

Cognitive model as treatment for depression

A

Research has supported

Distortions in thinking tend to go with depression but do not necessarily precede depression

37
Q

What are some important facets of the humanistic model?

A

Free will
Self awareness
Psychological growth
Focus on present aspects of thinking, behaving, and feeling

38
Q

Self concept

A

In humanistic theory, a set of perceptions you hold about yourself.

39
Q

Positive regard

A

Important idea in humanistic theory- positive regard can be conditional or unconditional

40
Q

Actualizing tendency

A

Innate drive to maintain and enhance the human organism

41
Q

Levels of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

A

Bottom- basic needs
Middle- psychological needs
Top- self fulfillment needs

42
Q

Humanism as a treatment

A

Difficult to test or validate
Too optimistic, minimizes some of the more destructive aspects of human nature.
Useful concepts in treatment

43
Q

Biological model

A

Adopts a medical perspective

Abnormal bx is result of malfunctioning parts of organism

44
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Signals sent in the brain:
Axon
Dendrites- receive signals - action potential
Terminal button- sends signals
Myelin- helps sent electrical impulse faster

45
Q

According to the biological model, how do abnormalities develop?

A

Genetics, evolution, viral infections

46
Q

Biological model as treatment

A

Family Pedigree Studies suggest that certain mental disorders run in families.
Twin studies: great co-occurrence in identical twins than fraternal
Psychotropic meds work for some people
Too simplistic
Psychological processes have biological correlates- which comes first?
Treatments are often effective, but long term v. short term benefits and side effects should be considered.

47
Q

Sociocultural model

A

Abnormal bx best understood in light of social cultural forces (context)
Culture is the basis of perception and comprehension

48
Q

What is one problem with where the majority of psychology research happens?

A

96% of research is in Western nations, yet developing nations are 90% of the population. A small percentage of the population is determining what is “normal.”

49
Q

Psychology samples are

A 
White
Educated
Industrialized
Rich
Democratic
68% of research subjects come for US; 67% of those are undergraduates
50
Q

According to the sociocultural model, abnormal bx is a function of

A

social labels and roles
social networks and supports
family structure and communication

51
Q

Sociocultural model as theory

A

Added important dimension to our understanding
Research is difficult to interpret: complex models require large N, and correlation does not equal causation
Cannot predict psychopathology in specific individual

52
Q

Biopsychosocial model

A

Explanations that attribute the cause of abnormality to an interaction of genetic, biological, emotional, behavioral, cognitive, social, and societal influences.
Since no model is consistently superior, a biopsychosocial model which takes all factors into account is superior.

53
Q

Diathesis-stress model

A

diathesis+stress=psychopathology

54
Q

Object relations theory

A

The psychodynamic theory that views the desire for relationships as the key motivating force in human behavior.

55
Q

Elements of culturally sensitive approaches

A
  • special cultural instruction for therapists in their training
  • the therapist’s awareness of a client’s cultural values
  • therapist’s awareness of stress, prejudices, stereotypes minority clients are exposed to
  • therapist’s awareness of the hardship faced by children of immigrants
  • helping clients recognize the impact of both their own culture and the dominant culture on their self-views and behavior
  • helping clients identify and express suppressed anger and pain
  • helping clients achieve a bicultural balance that feels right for them
  • helping clients raise their self esteem
56
Q

equifinality

A

the principle that a number of different developmental pathways can lead to the same psychological disorder

57
Q

multi finality

A

the principle that person with a similar developmental history may nevertheless react to similar current situations in very different ways.

507 midterm (8 decks)

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