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507 midterm > Historical background and research methods > Flashcards

Historical background and research methods Flashcards

1
Q

abnormal psychology

A

The scientific study of abnormal behavior undertaken to describe, predict, explain, and change abnormal patterns of functioning.

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2
Q

Features of patterns of psychological abnormality

A
  • Deviant: abnormal behavior, thoughts, and emotions differ markedly from a society’s ideas about proper functioning.
  • Distress
  • Dysfunction
  • Danger
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3
Q

Trephination

A

An ancient operation in which a stone instrument was used to cut away a circular section of the skull to treat abnormal behavior.

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4
Q

Humors

A

Hippocrates believed that the imbalance of fluids (humors) caused brain pathology.

sanguine: happy
melancholic: depressed
plegmatic: lethargic
choleric: anger, mania

Plato and Aristotle also believed in the internal cause for abnormal behavior.

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5
Q

Johann Weyer

A

1500’s, physician considered the founder of the modern study of psychopathology

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6
Q

Moral treatment

A

A 19th century approach to treating people with mental dysfunction that emphasized moral guidance and humane and respectful treatment.

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7
Q

Dorothy Dix

A

“moral hygiene”: campaigned state legislatures and Congress for funding to improve the treatment of people with mental disorders

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8
Q

Mental assylum

A

Places of cruelty and filth, like prisons for the mentally ill. Became popular in the 16th century.

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9
Q

Somatogenic perspective

A

the view which emerged in the 1800’s that abnormal psychological functioning has physical causes. (discovery of syphilis and general paresis led to this view.)

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10
Q

Psychogenic perspective

A

The view that the chief causes of abnormal functioning are psychological

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11
Q

Managed care program

A

Health care coverage in which the insurance company largely controls the nature, scope, and cost of medical or psychological services.

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12
Q

Are the mentally ill more violent than general population?

A

Not especially, but depends on diagnosis- substance abuse disorders and severe schizophrenia could cause more violence. Violence against people with mental illness is much higher than the general population.

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13
Q

NIMH study

A

come back to this card- check powerpoint

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14
Q

Prevalence

A

Number in population with disorder

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15
Q

Incidence

A

Number of new cases per year

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16
Q

ADDRESSING model

A 
Take demographic factors into account:
Age
Developmental disability
Disabilities (other)
Race
Ethnicity
Socioeconomic status
Sexual orientation
Indigenous heritage
National origin
Gender
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17
Q

Types of onset

A

acute- sudden

insidious- slower to develop, such as neurological disorders like dementia.

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18
Q

Course of illness

A

chronic- depression
episodic- mania
progressive- Alzheimer’s

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19
Q

Which disorders qualify as SMI?

A

Serious mental illnesses: bipolar, chronic depression/major depressive, schizophrenia spectrum

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20
Q

What is the prevalence of psychological disorders and SMI?

A

18.1% of all U.S. adults experienced a diagnosable disorder in the past year (excl. substance use disorders). 4.2% SMI

21
Q

What is the lifetime prevalance for psychological disorders?

A

46% experience symptoms of a psychological disorder at some point in their lives.
Anxiety- 29%
Mood disorders- 21%
ADHD- 8%

22
Q

What are the gender differences in mental illness prevalence?

A

Women have higher prevalence of depression and anxiety disorders. Men have higher prevalence of substance abuse, antisocial personality disorder, learning disorders, Autism, and ADHD.

23
Q

Supernatural conceptualization of mental illness

A

Caused by external spiritual influences. Some of these ideas remain pervasive.

24
Q

Community mental health movement

A

1963- deinstitutionalization and shift to outpatient treatment, managed care

25
Q

Chemical imbalance theories of mental illness

A 
Antipsychotic medications (chlorpromazine) in the 1950's changed conceptualization and treatment.
Also: antidepressants, anticonvulsants/mood stabilizers
26
Q

Scientific Method

A 
Hypothesis- formulate a question
Design study and collect data
Analyze data
Come to a conclusion
Write up/report results
27
Q

Operational definitions for variables

A

Defines a variable in terms of how it is measured, changed, or manipulated. Allows for understanding and consensus on terms and replicability.

28
Q

Independent variable

A

The variable you manipulate (treatment v. no treatment)

29
Q

Dependent variable

A

The outcome

30
Q

Internal validity

A

Has the study been designed properly to connect the independent and dependent variables?
Book: the accuracy with which a study can pinpoint one factor as the cause of a phenomenon.

31
Q

External validity

A

Do results from the study apply to the real world?

  • observer effects
  • control v. generalizability: demographic issues, purity of sample
  • application of treatment to general population
32
Q

Statistical significance

A

How likely are the results obtained by chance? (based on p value, greatly impacted by sample size)

33
Q

Clinical significance

A

Does this treatment make a difference in people’s lives?

  • percentage of patients benefitting
  • quality of life
  • based on effect size
34
Q

Case study

A

Highly detailed description of a single individual
Generally used to investigate very uncommon disorders
Can yield useful info regarding “normal” psychological phenomenon
Often difficult to determine causality
Very difficult to generalize

35
Q

Correlational study

A

Collects a set of facts organized into two or more categories and then examines the relationship between categories.
Typically generalizable and inexpensive.
High external validity; lack internal validity

36
Q

Correlation coefficient

A

Numerical indication of magnitude and direction of relationship between two variables, falls between -1 and +1

37
Q

Epidemiological Studies

A
  • Quasi experimental, an example of correlational methods
  • Study incidence, prevalence, course of disorders
  • Examples: AIDS, trauma following disaster
  • Requires large samples (massive survey projects, public records review)
38
Q

Experimental Studies

A

Manipulate a single IV and observe change in DV. (require control/comparison group)

  • Attempt to establish causation
  • Requires strong internal validity, often at the price of external validity.
39
Q

Types of control groups

A 
No tx
Wait list
Attention
Placebo
Alternate tx
40
Q

Blind designs

A

single- an experiment in which participants do not know whether they are in the experimental or the control condition.
double- the researcher is also unaware which group is getting treatment and which is getting placebo, to avoid the Rosenthal effect.

41
Q

Single-subject designs

A
  • Rigorous study of single cases over varied experimental conditions and time
  • Measurements are repeated over time
  • Subject serves as own control
  • Stats are nearly impossible to examine
  • Very powerful design when multiple subjects are combined in single analysis
42
Q

Ways to improve internal validity

A
  • minimize confounds
  • use appropriate control group
  • randomized and representative sample
  • valid and reliable measures (measure what you intend to measure)
43
Q

Positive correlation

A

when variables change in the same direction

44
Q

Negative correlation

A

the value of one variable increases as the value of the other variable decreases.

45
Q

Quasi-experimental design

A

a research design that fails to include key elements of a “pure” experiment and/or intermixes elements of both experimental and correlational studies. (also called a mixed design)

46
Q

Matched design

A

a research design that matches the experimental participants with control participants who are similar on key characteristics. (Ex: comparing children who have been abused, but controlling for things like age, sex, race, SES)

47
Q

Natural experiment

A

an experiment in which nature, rather than an experimenter, manipulates and independent variable. (ex: used to study psychological effects of things like floods, plane crashes, and fires.)

48
Q

longitudinal studies

A

a study that observes the same participants on many occasions over a long period of time.

507 midterm (8 decks)

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