Models of Motor Control - E1

Question 1

Define motor control

Answer 1

The study of the nature and cause of movement and movement abnormalities w/time frame of miliseconds or seconds

Question 2

What is the goal of motor control according to the Systems Model 1 (Shumway-Cook & Woollacott aka SCW)

Answer 2

To accomplish a motor task w/movement organized around a behavioral goal

Question 3

What is the Systems Model 1 (Shumway-Cook & Woollacott aka SCW)

Answer 3

A Systems-Based Task-Oriented Model focused on the interactions b/t the individual, task, and environment & Pts work on FUNCTIONAL tasks

Question 4

What is the goal of the Systems Model 2 (Horak)

Answer 4

Movements are organized around a behaviour or goal

Question 5

What is the Systems Model 2 (Horak)

Answer 5

Movements arise out of an interaction b/t

1) Normal mvmt strategies [Individ]
2) Compensatory strategies [Individ]
3) MSK constraints [Individ]
4) Central set/predicative control [Individ]
5) Environmental adaptation
6) Behavioural goals

Question 6

When do individuals utilize an ankle strategy

Answer 6

If the surface is firm or the perturbations are small

Question 7

When do individuals utilize a hip strategy

Answer 7

Softer or less firm surface w/larger perturbations

Question 8

When do individuals utilize a stepping strategy

Answer 8

With a very pliable surface and the perturbations move COM beyond BOS

Question 9

In which order does mm recruitment occur?

Answer 9

Distal to proximal w/smaller mm being recruited first

Question 10

What is a compensatory strategy

Answer 10

It is part of the Systems Model 2 (Horak) that states individuals seek to find the Best solution for what they have

Question 11

Compensatory v Recovery Focus

a) Early vs Later after trauma
b) Early v Next v Later

Answer 11

No one right answer -
a) Recovery THEN compensation if limited

b) Compensation for at home function THEN recovery THEN compensation again

Question 12

What Q do you ask yourself regarding MSK Constraints? (Horak)

Answer 12

MSK Constraints is a component of Horak’s system model that asks the question of:
Is it MSK problem or is Neuro in origin?

Question 13

Define central set

Answer 13

A component of Horak’s System model that is - An internal model of one’s body dynamics and the dynamics of the external world

Question 14

Define predictive set

Answer 14

A component of Horak’s System model that is - knowing both your internal model and the effects of the external world well enough to predict accommodations to future events

Question 15

What is feed-forward balance

Answer 15

ANTICIPATORY postural control where postural responses are made PRIOR to voluntary movement that is potentially destabilizing in order to maintain stability during mvmt

Question 16

What is feedback balance

Answer 16

REACTIVE balance w/compensatory or reactive postural responses made by sensory feedback from unexpected external perturbations

Question 17

What should be considered with behavioral goals

Answer 17

Part of Horak’s System model that states PTs must appreciate the organizing influence of a task (Glass to put in dishwasher vs to full vs to drink)

Question 18

What considerations should be made w/Environmental Adaptations?

Answer 18

Part of Horak’s System model that states it is the therapists responsibility to teach the Pt PROCESS of successful adaptation

Question 19

What are sensory strategies?

Answer 19

The idea that when a sesne is not providing optimal or accurate info, less “weight” is given to that sense and greater “weight’ is given to the more accurate sense

Question 20

List some test for the 3 sensory systems

Answer 20

Foam and Dome aka CTSIB (Clinical test for sensory interaction in balance)
Balance Master
Equitest

Question 21

What are some rules to consider when having a Pt practice motor control?

Answer 21

PT needs to stress the importance of multiple movement strategies to solve many tasks

Question 22

What do theories provide us with….

Answer 22

• Framework for interpreting behaviour
• Guide for clinical action
• New ideas
• Working hypothesis for exam and intervention

Question 23

What is the reflex theory?

Answer 23

(Sir Charles Sherrington) Reflexes are building blocks of behaviour and actions are broken down into a chain of reflexes

Question 24

What are the limitations of reflex theory?

Answer 24

• What about when there’s no sensory stimulus?
• Does not explain rapid stimulus
• Does not explain how one stim creates varied responses
• Does not explain novel movements

Question 25

What are the clinical implications of the reflex theory

Answer 25

Strat designed to test reflexes should allow produced function w/focus on enhancing or decreasing reflexes to a motor task

Question 26

What is hierarchical theory

Answer 26

The brain has higher, middle & lower centers & motor control emerges from reflexes that are nested in the hierarchally organized levels of the CNS

Question 27

What are the current concepts of the hierarchical theory?

Answer 27

Each level can act upon the other level dependent on the task & motor development is attributed to increasing corticalization of the CNS w/higher > lower reflexes

Question 28

What are the limitations of the hierarchical theroy?

Answer 28

Cannot explain regular reflexes of bottom-up control

Question 29

What are the motor programming theories?

Answer 29

More flexible theories that state it can be central OR reflex driven
Spinal neural networks promote response w/o sensory input or descending pathway from the brain (CPGs)

Question 30

What is a motor program

Answer 30

A central pattern generator aka a specific neural circuit w/connection stereotyped and hardwired

Question 31

What are the limitations to the motor programming theory?

Answer 31

CPG does not replace sensory input and cannot be considered the sole determinant of action

Question 32

What are the clinical implications of the motor programming theory

Answer 32

Moved past a reflex as an intervention and can focus on retraining movements in a functional task - not in isolation

Question 33

What is the dynamic systems theory (3)

Answer 33

When a system of individual parts come together and behave collectively together where output =/ input

Question 34

What is the ecological theory

Answer 34

A theory with the idea that motor control evolved so animals could cope with the environment around them and that PERCEPTION not SENSATION is important

Question 35

What are the limitations of the ecological theory?

Answer 35

It places less emphasis on the organism and more on the environment

Question 36

What are the clinical implications of the ecological theory?

Answer 36

The Pt is the active explorer and can adapt to the environment