Models Of Medicine Flashcards
Complementary and alternative medicine falls into which sector
Popular sector
Folk sector
Professional sector
What is complementary medicine
When non mainstream practice is used alongside conventional medicine
E.g. cancer patient receiving acupuncture alongside chemo
What is alternative therapy
When non mainstream practice is used instead of conventional med
E.g. cancer patient refuses chemo
Sometimes alternative medicine can be used in a complementary setting
What is CAM
- Complementary & alternative med
- Group of therapeutic & diagnostic disciplines that exist largely outside the institutions where conventional healthcare is taught and provided
What is integrative medicine
Where both patients and HCPs are onboard with the use of conventional & complementary treatments
What is pluralism
A system where more than one route of treatment is offered in healthcare to a patient
E.g. GP would offer both an orthodox and alternative treatment route for patient to survive
5 groups of complementary therapies MMANE
Mind body medicine
Manipulative & body-based practices
Alternative medical systems
Natural products
Energy medicine
What is mind body medicine
Techniques designed to enhance the minds capacity to affect bodily function and symptoms
Eg. Medication and prayer
What are manipulative & body-based practices
Movement of one or more body parts
E.g. chiropractic, osteopathy and massage
What are alternative medical systems
Built on complete systems of theoretical principles and practice
E.g. homeopathy and Chinese traditional med
What are natural products
Use of natural substances
E.g. herbal products
What are energy therapies
Involves the use of energy fields that supposedly surround and penetrate the human body
E.g. bio electromagnetic-based therapies, Reiki, therapeutic touch
How did the House of Lords classify CAM therapies in 2002
Most (most evidence) to least popular
Group 1 - acupuncture, osteopathy, homeopathy, herbal med. Have diagnostic approach.
Group 2 - aromatherapy, hypnotherapy. Complement conventional med, no conventional skills
Group 3 a) - traditional and herbal Chinese med. Philosophical approach
Group 3 b) - dowsing & iridology. No evidence for these.
What are the most popular therapies
Most to least
Herbal med
Homeopathy
Aromatherapy
Massage
Reflexology
CAM average user’s characteristics
Female gender
Middle Aged
Higher socio-economic
Higher level of education
Higher income
Regional differences
Ethnicity - assumption that people prefer own cultural med
Poorer self reported health
Recognisable and different patterns of complementary medicine usage
Earnest seekers - have a chronic health problem for which they have tried many therapies for (one being CAMS)
Stable users - either use or type of therapy for most of their problems or have one main prob for which they use a combination of one or more complementary therapies
Eclectic users - choose & use different therapies for different problems
One-off users - Discontinue complementary treatment after limited experimentation
Negative factors causing use of CAM to grow
- Dissatisfaction with conventional medicine: ineffective for certain cond, serious adverse effects, poor dr/ patient relationship, insufficient time with dr, waiting lists, high tech low tech touch
- Rejection of science and technology
- Rejection of the establishment (NHS)
- Desperation - do anything to find cure
Positive factors for the increase in CAM use
Perceived effectiveness
Perceived safety
High touch, low tech
Philosophical congruence - therapies fit with how u see the world
Control over treatment
Good therapist patient relationship - therapists more polite, longer appt times
Non invasive nature
Accessibility - appt
Pleasant therapeutic experience
Affluence - people have money to use
Process of becoming a CAM user
- Info passed on by a lay referral system or individual develops a nature centred & holistic approach to health
- Make decision to visit CAM therapist
- Patient - practitioner encounter
- Patient develop a natural healthcare culture
- Individual becomes a regular user (use CAM is conjunction with conventional med)
Common concerns of doctors about complementary medicine?
- Patients may see unqualified CAM practitioners
- Patients may risk missed or delayed diagnosis
- Patients may refuse effective conventional treatment
- Patients waste money on ineffective med
- Dangerous adverse effects of CAM drugs
- Some CAM very implausible. Cant possibly work
Areas of potential controversy for CAM
Effect on dr/ patient relationship
Adverse effects/ interactions with orthodox treatments if you dont tell your GP
Lack of evidence for CAM therapies
How CAM therapies effect dr/patient relationships
Lack of disclosure by patient that they are using CAMs
Dr may recommend CAMs but patient unwilling
Patient may want treatment but Dr unwilling
Loss of trust
Factors facilitating the growth of interest in and use of CAM
Popular dissatisfaction with orthodox med
Post Modern Philosophy rejection
Widespread availability and access to health info
