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PPP > Health As A Social Consruct > Flashcards

Health As A Social Consruct Flashcards

1
Q

What is differential diagnosis

A

Is a process where a doctor differentiates btw two or more conditions that could be behind a persons symptoms

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2
Q

Marinkers 3 levels of health and illness?

A

Disease: a physical pathological process - deviation from biological form
Illness: a personal experience of feeling unhealthy (subjective)
Sickness: having a disease

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3
Q

WHO definition of health

A

“A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity”

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4
Q

WHO definition of mental health

A

Mental health is defined as a state of well being in which every individual realises his or her own potential, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully and is able to make a contribution to her or his community

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5
Q

Theories of health and disease

A
  1. Germ theory
  2. Biomedical model of disease
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6
Q

What is the biomedical model of disease

A

Each disease has a single specific cause
Focuses on physical biological factors (pathology, biochemistry, physiology) and excludes psychological, environmental and social influences
Target all research and interventions at the casual agent
Considered to be a predominant model of diagnosis in western medicine

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7
Q

Critique of biomedical model (MMRIT)

A

Mind-body dualism (treated as separate entities)
Mechanistic (body is a machine can be fixed)
Model has over reliance on technology
Reductionist (driven by germ theory that focuses on bio changes)
Ignores social, cultural, biographical and environmental explanations

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8
Q

Biomedical model of illness says treatments are:

A

Vaccination
Surgery
Chemotherapy
Etc.

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9
Q

Advantage of germ theory

A

Led to great improvements in medicine (e.g. hygiene)
Allowed wider research into specific causes and origins for diseases (e.g. bacterium, hormonal imbalance)

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10
Q

Consequences of the germ theory

A

Focus on individual body not environment
All research focused on 1 casual agent

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11
Q

Marinkers (1975) 3 “modes of unhealth”:

A

Disease
Illness
Sickness

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12
Q

What is Marinkers definition of disease?

A

Deviation from biological norm
Viewed objectively - measured and tested
Medical systems control over disease more important than individuals experience
Can cause damage to patient

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13
Q

Marinkers definition of illness

A

Experience of health which is completely personal
Accompanies disease

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14
Q

What is meant by “illness without disease”

A

Disease is yet to be diagnosed
When no physical disease can be found

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15
Q

What is meant by “disease without illness”

A

A diagnosis has been made but little personal experience

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16
Q

Marinkers definition of sickness

A

Social position of the sick person
Different social status of sick people
Negotiation of an individuals duties and need for support
Medical system as gate keeper (fit note)

17
Q

Who is responsible for treatment according to biomedical model of illness

A

Medical profession

18
Q

What is relationship btw illness and health according to biomedical model of illness

A

Qualitatively different
No continuum btw the two

19
Q

Theories of health and disease

A
  1. Germ theory (beginnings of biomedical model)
  2. Multi-causal model of disease
  3. Social construction of health and illness
20
Q

Examples of possible causes of illness according to multicasual model

A

Body (genes, IMS)
Microbe (bacteria, virus)
Behaviour (lifestyle factors)
Physical environment (pollution, walkability)
Social environment (lack of support)
Wider society (inequality, crowded housing)

21
Q

Definition of social construct

A

An idea that has been created and accepted by the people in society

22
Q

Why do sociologists claim that health and illness are social constructions

A

Because the concepts mean different things to different people
Health and illness cannot be objective scientific facts
- Not everyone experiences symptoms in the same way
- Different societies have different methods of diagnosis/ treatment
- Constructs under moral, social & religious influence
- Illness is not randomly distributed

23
Q

The different levels thats the social construction of health is explored at

A
  • Medicine / science as a social process
  • How individuals experience symptoms
  • Definition/ diagnosis of illness
  • Effect of diagnosis/ labelling
  • Understanding of illness is socially embedded
24
Q

What is social construction of health

A

Disease categories are not created independently from social or moral forces
This doesnt mean medicine is unscientific but that med and science are social processes

25
Q

Why Health differs between relative societies

A

Different societies can differ in their beliefs of causes and solutions to illness
They can also differ in terms of levels of discomfort and pain

26
Q

Examples of different societies models for understanding health

A
  1. Equilibrium - Chinese medicine states the body has energy channels that need to be balanced
  2. Religious - possession by evil spirits. Treatment - exorcism
  3. Ethical - illness is a punishment for wrong doing or someone casting a spell
27
Q

What are social critiques of biomedicine

A
  • Medicalisation (Conrad)
  • Iatrogenesis (Illich)
28
Q

What is medicalisation

A

Expansion of medical jurisdiction into areas that are considered non medical
Solutions to problems become medical

29
Q

Examples that can be medicalised

A

homosexuality, obesity, stress, infertility, alcoholism

30
Q

Levels of medicalisation

A

Conceptual: use of medical terms used to define a problem, signs or symptoms e.g. in media reporting, self help groups, ADHD

Institutional: medical approach to treating problems e.g. alcoholism, mental health, pregnancy

Interactional: dr-patient interaction when social problem defined as medical problem and medical treatment given e.g. homosexuality

31
Q

Shifting engine of medicalisation

A

Past drivers: professional dominance, institutions/ pressure groups e.g. pharmaceutical industry

Present drivers (new): biotechnology, consumerism, the “care” industry, media e.g. medicalisation of ageing to promote anti aging products
Self medicalising

32
Q

What us iatrogenesis?

A

Doctor caused disease
Where medicine causes a threat to our health
Medical interventions are not risk free

33
Q

3 kinds of iatrogenesis:

A

Medical iatrogenesis: Illness caused or made worse through treatment (side effects, cascade prescribing, hospital infections)
Medical incompetence

Social iatrogenesis: medicalisation. people around a patient leave them because they are considered to be abnormal
with condition leading to depression

Structural/ Cultural iatrogenesis: ability to cope with illness and death os eroded by handing over to professionals

34
Q

What is cascade prescribing

A

When up try to resolve side effects using more drugs
Until drugs start to build up

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