Models Of Health Behaviour Flashcards
Distal influences of health behaviours
Age
Gender
Culture and ethnicity
Socioeconomic status
Personality
Age as a distal influence:
In adolescence, more credence is given to the attitudes, beliefs, values and behaviour on one’s peers(and siblings) than to the advice or attitudes of parents or teachers
We all tend to listen to messages from others when they are congruent to our pre- existing beliefs
Gender as a distal influence
Reiner et al(2016), makes perceived behaviour as less risky, took more risks, we’re less sensitive to negative outcomes and we’re less socially anxious than female participants
Reasons for gender differences in behaviour
Perhaps differences relate to projections of masculinity and a desire to be seen as ‘strong’, as suggested with regards to drinking alcohol excessively(visser and smith 2007), or avoiding seeking health care which is an issue in older men as well as in adolescents
Did the more deprived group from males aged 18-24 consume the most ready meals and fast food (birch et al)
Yes
What group were more likely to consume harmful levels of alcohol (birch et al 2019)
Older men 65+ years
What group were most likely to be sedentary (birch et al2019)
Older women
Environmental influences in health behaviour
- culture/ society
- family
- subculture/ peer group
- media
Mediating factors
Religion- normative beliefs and values not drinking
Social class- attitudes- exercise
Culture - gendered roles and norms- exercising
Gender - perceptions- smoking
Age- normative beliefs - amphetamine use
Distal influences for personality (3factors Eysenck 1970)
-extrasversion
- neuroticism
- psychoticism
Distal influences for personality (‘big 5’ 5 factors McCrae and Costa 1990)
- neuroticism
- agreeableness
- conscientiousness
- extra version
- openness
Openness as a personality factor for health behaviour
Openness to new experience can associate with greater risk- taking
Conscientiousness and agreeableness and personality health behaviour
Typically associated with positive health behaviour and outcomes(smith and Paekhurst 2018) associated with less risk-taking/ more health- protective behaviours (Joyner et al 2018)
Extra version and health behaviour
Typically associated with risk behaviour
Neuroticism and health behaviour
Tends to increase some negative health behaviour
Eg, emotional over eating or underrating
High use of health care
Anxiety and health behavior
Reduce risk taking (Joyner et al)
Distal influences cont trait like cognition
• locus of control
-internal accountability
- external accountability
• multidimensional health locus of control, Wallston LOC specific to health beliefs
- internal: determine own health
- external: matter of luck/ fate
-powerful others: health determined by doctors/ surgeons
Locus of control findings
Generalised LoC dimensions, proved to be modest predictors of behaviour, with relationships differing depending on the behaviours addressed
Steptoe and Wardle (2001)
Analysis of 7000+ students across 18 countries
- the odds of healthy behaviour increased by 40% amongst those high in internal HLOC compared to those low in internal HLOC , and reduced by 20% in those high in chance HLOC compared to low in chance LOC
- internal associated with health- protective behaviour
Initial hypotheses for locus of control findings
Initial hypotheses that people must value their health in order to engage in health protective behaviour not consistently shown
Proximal influences
Attitudes
Beliefs
Expectations and goals
Motives
What are ‘attitudes’ in proximal influences
- orientations to objects/ people/ events
- in attitude-object relationship there are three components: thoughts, behaviours and feelings
• cognitive- beliefs about attitude
• emotional- feelings toward object
• behavioural- intended action
What is ‘risk perception/ unrealistic optimism’
How we perceive our risk for illness in comparison to others
It’s important with who we compare ourselves with
Four factors involved in unrealistically optimistic appraisals of personal risk (Weinstein,1987)
• lack of personal experience
• Belief that action can prevent problem (behavioural control)
• belief that if problem has not occurred, it won’t in future
• belief that problem is uncommon