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Stress And Distress PPP-1002-0 > Health Behaviour - Week 2 > Flashcards

Health Behaviour - Week 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is health behaviour?Kasl and cobb

A

“An activity undertaken by a person believing themselves to be healthy for the purposes of preventing disease or detecting it as an asymptomatic stage”
- Kasl and Cobb

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2
Q

What is health behaviour? Harris and Guten

A

Behaviour performed by an individual, regardless of her/his perceived health status, with the purpose of protecting, promoting, or maintaining her:his health

  • but many people take part in health behaviour other than preventing illness
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3
Q

Defining health behaviour: matarazzo

A

‘Behavioural pathogens’
‘Behavioural immunogens’

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4
Q

What is behavioural pathogen

A

Behaviour thought to be damaging to the health

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5
Q

What is behavioural immunogen

A

Behaviour considered to be protective

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6
Q

Associations between behaviour and health study

A
  • alameda county study
  • followed 7000 healthy adults for <15 years
  • identified key distinguishing behaviours between healthy/ill
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7
Q

Alameda seven

A
  • sleeping 7/8 hours per night
  • not smoking
  • drinking no more than 2 alcoholic drinks per day
  • regular exercise
  • not eating between meals
  • eating breakfast
  • being no more than 10% overweight
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8
Q

Alameda county study

A
  • men and women who performed 6/7 behaviours lived 7&11 years longer than those who engaged in less than 6
  • multiplying effect of performing these behaviours
  • association between not performing behaviours &death increased with age
  • effects are multiplicative and cumulative
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9
Q

Health risk behaviour. Top 10 risk factors

A

1) being underweight
2) unprotected sexual intercourse
3) high blood pressure
4) tobacco consumption
5) alcohol consumption
6) unsafe water, poor sanitation, hygiene
7) physical inactivity
8) indoor smoke from solid fuels
9) high cholesterol
10) obesity

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10
Q

Mortality rates in developing nations

A
  • over 2 million childhood deaths due to being underweight
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11
Q

Mortality rates in developed nations

A
  • almost 2 million deaths due to obesity-related diseases in North America/ Europe
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12
Q

Top 10 obesity related diseases in North America/ Europe

A
  • circulatory disease
  • stroke
  • other non-communicable diseases
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13
Q

Deaths from HIV/aids. Increased or decreased?

A

Fallen 51% since 2000

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14
Q

Mortality causes WHO 2020

A
  • Ischemic heart disease
  • stroke
  • Copd
  • lower respiratory infection
  • neonatal conditions
  • trachea, bronchus, lung cancer
  • Alzheimer’s disease and dementia’s
  • diarrhoeal diseases
  • diabetes Mellitus
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15
Q

Europe 2020

A

Circulatory disease
Cancers
Respiratory diseases
Alzheimer’s disease and dementia’s
Accidents
Diabetes

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16
Q

Main causes of mortality in EU,2017(2016 for France)

A

Stroke
Ischaemic heart diseases
Diseases of circulatory system
Diabetes
Alzheimer’s/ dementias
External causes
Suicide
Accidents
Respiratory diseases
Pneumonia
COPD
Prostate
Cancers

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17
Q

Mortality(Europe and North America), behaviour and associated morbidity

A

1)heart disease
- smoking, high cholesterol, lack of exercise
2) cancer
- smoking, alcohol, diet, sexual behaviour
3) stroke
- smoking, high cholesterol, alcohol
4) pneumonia/influenza
- smoking, lack of vaccination
5) HIV/AIDS
- unsafe/ unprotected sexual intercourse

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18
Q

Health risk behaviours

A

1) unhealthy diet
2) obesity
3) alcohol consumption
4) smoking
5) unprotected sexual behaviour

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19
Q

Factors of unhealthy diet

A

Diet implicated in heart disease/ some cancers(well known that 30% of cancer deaths are associated with smoking, but 35% bcz of poor diet)
- fat intake (cholesterol)
•cholesterol is present in our own cells (sebum cholesterol) and is useful in digestion and steroid hormone production BUT overall cholesterol level can be elevated by fatty diet
- ‘bad’ cholesterol form plaque in arteries -LDL
• omega 3 fatty acids that contain HDL help liver function removal of LDL
- fat is a good store of energy- metabolised during exercise/ activity- if not arterial disease can develop leading to coronary heart disease and heart attacks

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20
Q

Neaton et al study on excessive fat intake in diet

A

Followed 350000 adults over 6 years and found that cholesterol positively related to heart disease/ stroke

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21
Q

Navas- Nacher et al and excessive fat intake in diet

A

10% cholesterol reduction meant a 54% reduction in coronary heart disease for 40 year olds, 27% for 60year olds, 19% for 80year olds

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22
Q

2003 systematic review on efficacy of long term weight loss with calorie restrictive diets and fat-restrictive diets

A

Fat-restrictive diets are no more effective than calorie restrictive diets in terms of long-term weight loss

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23
Q

Body mass index’s and health

A

Normal weight 20-24.9
Mildly obese or overweight (grade 1) 25-29.9
Moderate or clinically obese (grade 2) 30-39.9
Severely obese (grade 3) 40 or greater

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24
Q

BMI rates in England 2017

A

29% were obese
64% were overweight
4% morbidly obese

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25
What is serotonin
- neurotransmitter involved in satiety(hunger no longer felt) - serotonin agonists(fluoxetine) include satiety, reduced quantity and frequency of food intake and body weight - obesigenic environments but increase in genetic predisposition
26
Health consequences of obesity(6)
- major risk in hypertension, heart disease, type 2 diabetes, osteoarthritis , lower back pain - relationship between obesity and mortality over 20/30 years - risk of death within 26 years increases by 1% per extra point (30-42)2% per extra pound(50-62) -lowest mortality rate in those in ‘normal’ range - psychological ill-health-low self-esteem and social isolation- quality of life - NB. Issues of over focusing on over-weight vs underweight, eating disorders, malnutrition- non western countries underweight is major killer
27
Alcohol consumption on health
-perceived as a stimulant, alcohol actually depresses central nervous system(CNS) - 2nd most widely used drug(after caffeine) - integral part of western society (57%of a global population aged 15 years or older had not had a drink of alcohol the preceding 12 months in 2018) - over 40% of the population are current drinkers, with this increasing to 50% in the America’s Europe and western pacific - more than 26% of 15-19 year olds are current drinkers (2018)
28
Negative health effects of excessive drinking
- accidents/injuries/assaults- intoxication these 25x - cancers (alcohol at around 3.5-4 drinks per day implicates in 4% cancers Implicates in cancers of larynx- oesophagus- mouth- colorectal-breast-liver) Liver cirrhosis -stroke - epilepsy - suicide
29
Are males more at risk of negative effects of excessive drinking
Makes 2x more at risk than females although UK female drinking has raised concern
30
The recommended weekly/daily allowances for young males
14 units/ 3-4 units
31
The recommended weekly/daily allowances for young females
14 units/ 2-3 units
32
How many people exceed national drinking guidelines
National surveys show that approximately a third of men and a quarter of women exceed national drinking guidelines
33
What is binge drinking defined as
Exceeding half of your recommended weekly allowance in one sitting (7units)
34
What does UK chief medical officer advise for drinking
Advises both males and females to not drink over 14 units of alcohol a week in order to avoid detrimental health consequences
35
Low health risk for amount of drinking for women and men
14units for women 21 units for men
36
Hazardous drinking for men and women
35 units- women 50units- men
37
How much of the population has an alocohol use disorder
1.4% (11 million people are alcohol dependent) WHO 2018
38
What are the three reasons why some people develop alcohol problems
- genetic predisposition - psychopathology/ personal traits - social learning/ positive reinforcement
39
What class tends to drink heavily
The better educated have often been shown more likely to engage in various forms of risky behaviour but to be less likely to develop problem running (Caldwell et al 2008)
40
Smoking Prevalence worldwide
3rd most popular drug
41
How many deaths world wide attributed to tobacco use?
9% 7 million deaths Greatest disease burden in developed nations
42
UK statistics for smokers for 1950 and 2019
1950s: 80% of men smoked 40% of women smoked 2019: 15.9% of men smoke 12.5% of women smoke
43
What did the reduction in UK smokers mean for them
Reflected in reduced lung cancer rates
44
Smoking facts UK
1)489,000 hospital admissions attributable to smoking 2)77,800 deaths attributable to smoking 3) 14.4% of adults are classified current smokers 4) 10.6% of mothers were smokers at the time of delivery
45
Negative health effects of smoking
- carcinogenic Tars and carbon monoxide - carbon monoxide - nicotine - passive smoking
46
What does carcinogenic Tars and carbon monoxide do
Responsible for 30% of cases of coronary heart disease, 70% of lung cancer and 80% of chronic obstructive airways disease
47
What does Carbon monoxide
Reduces circulating oxygen in the blood which reduces amount of oxygen feeding heart muscles
48
What does nicotine do
Makes heart work harder- releases natural endorphins, increases metabolic rate. People become tolerant to the effects and experience withdrawal cravings
49
What does passive smoking do to people
Accounts for 25% of lung cancer in non-smokers
50
How much earlier do smokers die before non-smokers in the USA
10 years
51
How much earlier do smokers die before non- smokers in Europe
14 years
52
E-cigarettes and it’s usage
Significantly more teenagers in the USA are using E-cigarttes Social marketing is introducing it Still causes cancer(WHO 2020)
53
Factors that initiate smoking (6)
- social learning - social pressure - weight control - risk taking propensity - health cognitions - stress
54
Factors that continue smoking(4)
- pleasure - habit - stress reduction - lack of belief in ability to stop
55
Continuation motives (O’Leary et al 2017)
Pleasure or enjoyment of the behaviour and it’s mood enhancing effects reinforces positive attitudes towards the substance
56
Continuation motives of smoking (ferrer and mendes 2018)
A form of stress self- management, a method of emotion regulation, anxiety control
57
Stopping smoking
- most smokers express desire to stop
58
What economic status is stopping smoking more likely
Higher socio- economic status
59
Are prices influential on stopping smoking
No. As stopping smoking is more likely among individuals if a higher socioeconomic status
60
Blok et al 2017 and social network for smoking
Non- smoking social network helps stop smoking
61
Smoking cessation and health gains
Derives significant health gains even in middle age Stopping at age 30, gains you 10 more years(doll et al 2004)
62
Negative health consequences of unprotected sexual behaviour
- unwanted pregnancy - range of infections
63
Prevalence of HIV
40million+ (70% in Africa), 14 million deaths WHO 2002)
64
How many children(aged 15 and under) are living with HIV
1.7 million children
65
How many people are currently living with HIV
38 million
66
How many people living with HIV in the UK in 2019
105,200 92% through sexual transmission
67
By how much have AIDS related deaths reduced since it’s peak in 2005
51%
68
How many people died from AIDS related illnesses in 2019 worldwide compared to 2004
690,000 compared to 1.7 million in 2004 and 1.1 million in 2010
69
Other STDs other than HIV/AIDS
- chlamydia - human papilloma virus
70
How many people had chlamydia in 2019
229,441 59% of which 15-25 years of age
71
How many people had human papilloma virus
4% males and 4%female in 2018
72
Fix to unprotected sex
Condom use
73
Barriers to condom use
Alcohol use Negative attitudes Unrealistic optimism For women: Embarrassed suggesting use
74
Who uses condoms
Young use condoms more than old Females less often than males Use greatest with new partners Less use among those with multiple partners Female use less affected by multiple partners
75
YouGov survey on condom use on ages 16-24
2000 respondents 47% did not use condoms

Stress And Distress PPP-1002-0 (5 decks)

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