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Stress And Distress PPP-1002-0 > Health Behaviour - Week 2 > Flashcards

Health Behaviour - Week 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is health behaviour?Kasl and cobb

A

“An activity undertaken by a person believing themselves to be healthy for the purposes of preventing disease or detecting it as an asymptomatic stage”
- Kasl and Cobb

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2
Q

What is health behaviour? Harris and Guten

A

Behaviour performed by an individual, regardless of her/his perceived health status, with the purpose of protecting, promoting, or maintaining her:his health

  • but many people take part in health behaviour other than preventing illness
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3
Q

Defining health behaviour: matarazzo

A

‘Behavioural pathogens’
‘Behavioural immunogens’

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4
Q

What is behavioural pathogen

A

Behaviour thought to be damaging to the health

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5
Q

What is behavioural immunogen

A

Behaviour considered to be protective

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6
Q

Associations between behaviour and health study

A
  • alameda county study
  • followed 7000 healthy adults for <15 years
  • identified key distinguishing behaviours between healthy/ill
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7
Q

Alameda seven

A
  • sleeping 7/8 hours per night
  • not smoking
  • drinking no more than 2 alcoholic drinks per day
  • regular exercise
  • not eating between meals
  • eating breakfast
  • being no more than 10% overweight
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8
Q

Alameda county study

A
  • men and women who performed 6/7 behaviours lived 7&11 years longer than those who engaged in less than 6
  • multiplying effect of performing these behaviours
  • association between not performing behaviours &death increased with age
  • effects are multiplicative and cumulative
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9
Q

Health risk behaviour. Top 10 risk factors

A

1) being underweight
2) unprotected sexual intercourse
3) high blood pressure
4) tobacco consumption
5) alcohol consumption
6) unsafe water, poor sanitation, hygiene
7) physical inactivity
8) indoor smoke from solid fuels
9) high cholesterol
10) obesity

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10
Q

Mortality rates in developing nations

A
  • over 2 million childhood deaths due to being underweight
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11
Q

Mortality rates in developed nations

A
  • almost 2 million deaths due to obesity-related diseases in North America/ Europe
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12
Q

Top 10 obesity related diseases in North America/ Europe

A
  • circulatory disease
  • stroke
  • other non-communicable diseases
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13
Q

Deaths from HIV/aids. Increased or decreased?

A

Fallen 51% since 2000

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14
Q

Mortality causes WHO 2020

A
  • Ischemic heart disease
  • stroke
  • Copd
  • lower respiratory infection
  • neonatal conditions
  • trachea, bronchus, lung cancer
  • Alzheimer’s disease and dementia’s
  • diarrhoeal diseases
  • diabetes Mellitus
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15
Q

Europe 2020

A

Circulatory disease
Cancers
Respiratory diseases
Alzheimer’s disease and dementia’s
Accidents
Diabetes

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16
Q

Main causes of mortality in EU,2017(2016 for France)

A

Stroke
Ischaemic heart diseases
Diseases of circulatory system
Diabetes
Alzheimer’s/ dementias
External causes
Suicide
Accidents
Respiratory diseases
Pneumonia
COPD
Prostate
Cancers

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17
Q

Mortality(Europe and North America), behaviour and associated morbidity

A

1)heart disease
- smoking, high cholesterol, lack of exercise
2) cancer
- smoking, alcohol, diet, sexual behaviour
3) stroke
- smoking, high cholesterol, alcohol
4) pneumonia/influenza
- smoking, lack of vaccination
5) HIV/AIDS
- unsafe/ unprotected sexual intercourse

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18
Q

Health risk behaviours

A

1) unhealthy diet
2) obesity
3) alcohol consumption
4) smoking
5) unprotected sexual behaviour

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19
Q

Factors of unhealthy diet

A

Diet implicated in heart disease/ some cancers(well known that 30% of cancer deaths are associated with smoking, but 35% bcz of poor diet)
- fat intake (cholesterol)
•cholesterol is present in our own cells (sebum cholesterol) and is useful in digestion and steroid hormone production BUT overall cholesterol level can be elevated by fatty diet
- ‘bad’ cholesterol form plaque in arteries -LDL
• omega 3 fatty acids that contain HDL help liver function removal of LDL
- fat is a good store of energy- metabolised during exercise/ activity- if not arterial disease can develop leading to coronary heart disease and heart attacks

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20
Q

Neaton et al study on excessive fat intake in diet

A

Followed 350000 adults over 6 years and found that cholesterol positively related to heart disease/ stroke

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21
Q

Navas- Nacher et al and excessive fat intake in diet

A

10% cholesterol reduction meant a 54% reduction in coronary heart disease for 40 year olds, 27% for 60year olds, 19% for 80year olds

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22
Q

2003 systematic review on efficacy of long term weight loss with calorie restrictive diets and fat-restrictive diets

A

Fat-restrictive diets are no more effective than calorie restrictive diets in terms of long-term weight loss

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23
Q

Body mass index’s and health

A

Normal weight 20-24.9
Mildly obese or overweight (grade 1) 25-29.9
Moderate or clinically obese (grade 2) 30-39.9
Severely obese (grade 3) 40 or greater

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24
Q

BMI rates in England 2017

A

29% were obese
64% were overweight
4% morbidly obese

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25
Q

What is serotonin

A
  • neurotransmitter involved in satiety(hunger no longer felt)
  • serotonin agonists(fluoxetine) include satiety, reduced quantity and frequency of food intake and body weight
  • obesigenic environments but increase in genetic predisposition
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26
Q

Health consequences of obesity(6)

A
  • major risk in hypertension, heart disease, type 2 diabetes, osteoarthritis , lower back pain
  • relationship between obesity and mortality over 20/30 years
  • risk of death within 26 years increases by 1% per extra point (30-42)2% per extra pound(50-62)
    -lowest mortality rate in those in ‘normal’ range
  • psychological ill-health-low self-esteem and social isolation- quality of life
  • NB. Issues of over focusing on over-weight vs underweight, eating disorders, malnutrition- non western countries underweight is major killer
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27
Q

Alcohol consumption on health

A

-perceived as a stimulant, alcohol actually depresses central nervous system(CNS)
- 2nd most widely used drug(after caffeine)
- integral part of western society
(57%of a global population aged 15 years or older had not had a drink of alcohol the preceding 12 months in 2018)
- over 40% of the population are current drinkers, with this increasing to 50% in the America’s Europe and western pacific
- more than 26% of 15-19 year olds are current drinkers (2018)

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28
Q

Negative health effects of excessive drinking

A
  • accidents/injuries/assaults- intoxication these 25x
  • cancers (alcohol at around 3.5-4 drinks per day implicates in 4% cancers
    Implicates in cancers of larynx- oesophagus- mouth- colorectal-breast-liver)
    Liver cirrhosis
    -stroke
  • epilepsy
  • suicide
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29
Q

Are males more at risk of negative effects of excessive drinking

A

Makes 2x more at risk than females although UK female drinking has raised concern

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30
Q

The recommended weekly/daily allowances for young males

A

14 units/ 3-4 units

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31
Q

The recommended weekly/daily allowances for young females

A

14 units/ 2-3 units

32
Q

How many people exceed national drinking guidelines

A

National surveys show that approximately a third of men and a quarter of women exceed national drinking guidelines

33
Q

What is binge drinking defined as

A

Exceeding half of your recommended weekly allowance in one sitting (7units)

34
Q

What does UK chief medical officer advise for drinking

A

Advises both males and females to not drink over 14 units of alcohol a week in order to avoid detrimental health consequences

35
Q

Low health risk for amount of drinking for women and men

A

14units for women
21 units for men

36
Q

Hazardous drinking for men and women

A

35 units- women
50units- men

37
Q

How much of the population has an alocohol use disorder

A

1.4% (11 million people are alcohol dependent) WHO 2018

38
Q

What are the three reasons why some people develop alcohol problems

A
  • genetic predisposition
  • psychopathology/ personal traits
  • social learning/ positive reinforcement
39
Q

What class tends to drink heavily

A

The better educated have often been shown more likely to engage in various forms of risky behaviour but to be less likely to develop problem running (Caldwell et al 2008)

40
Q

Smoking Prevalence worldwide

A

3rd most popular drug

41
Q

How many deaths world wide attributed to tobacco use?

A

9%
7 million deaths
Greatest disease burden in developed nations

42
Q

UK statistics for smokers for 1950 and 2019

A

1950s:
80% of men smoked
40% of women smoked
2019:
15.9% of men smoke
12.5% of women smoke

43
Q

What did the reduction in UK smokers mean for them

A

Reflected in reduced lung cancer rates

44
Q

Smoking facts UK

A

1)489,000 hospital admissions attributable to smoking
2)77,800 deaths attributable to smoking
3) 14.4% of adults are classified current smokers
4) 10.6% of mothers were smokers at the time of delivery

45
Q

Negative health effects of smoking

A
  • carcinogenic Tars and carbon monoxide
  • carbon monoxide
  • nicotine
  • passive smoking
46
Q

What does carcinogenic Tars and carbon monoxide do

A

Responsible for 30% of cases of coronary heart disease, 70% of lung cancer and 80% of chronic obstructive airways disease

47
Q

What does Carbon monoxide

A

Reduces circulating oxygen in the blood which reduces amount of oxygen feeding heart muscles

48
Q

What does nicotine do

A

Makes heart work harder- releases natural endorphins, increases metabolic rate.
People become tolerant to the effects and experience withdrawal cravings

49
Q

What does passive smoking do to people

A

Accounts for 25% of lung cancer in non-smokers

50
Q

How much earlier do smokers die before non-smokers in the USA

A

10 years

51
Q

How much earlier do smokers die before non- smokers in Europe

A

14 years

52
Q

E-cigarettes and it’s usage

A

Significantly more teenagers in the USA are using E-cigarttes
Social marketing is introducing it
Still causes cancer(WHO 2020)

53
Q

Factors that initiate smoking (6)

A
  • social learning
  • social pressure
  • weight control
  • risk taking propensity
  • health cognitions
  • stress
54
Q

Factors that continue smoking(4)

A
  • pleasure
  • habit
  • stress reduction
  • lack of belief in ability to stop
55
Q

Continuation motives (O’Leary et al 2017)

A

Pleasure or enjoyment of the behaviour and it’s mood enhancing effects reinforces positive attitudes towards the substance

56
Q

Continuation motives of smoking (ferrer and mendes 2018)

A

A form of stress self- management, a method of emotion regulation, anxiety control

57
Q

Stopping smoking

A
  • most smokers express desire to stop
58
Q

What economic status is stopping smoking more likely

A

Higher socio- economic status

59
Q

Are prices influential on stopping smoking

A

No.
As stopping smoking is more likely among individuals if a higher socioeconomic status

60
Q

Blok et al 2017 and social network for smoking

A

Non- smoking social network helps stop smoking

61
Q

Smoking cessation and health gains

A

Derives significant health gains even in middle age
Stopping at age 30, gains you 10 more years(doll et al 2004)

62
Q

Negative health consequences of unprotected sexual behaviour

A
  • unwanted pregnancy
  • range of infections
63
Q

Prevalence of HIV

A

40million+
(70% in Africa), 14 million deaths WHO 2002)

64
Q

How many children(aged 15 and under) are living with HIV

A

1.7 million children

65
Q

How many people are currently living with HIV

A

38 million

66
Q

How many people living with HIV in the UK in 2019

A

105,200
92% through sexual transmission

67
Q

By how much have AIDS related deaths reduced since it’s peak in 2005

A

51%

68
Q

How many people died from AIDS related illnesses in 2019 worldwide compared to 2004

A

690,000 compared to 1.7 million in 2004 and 1.1 million in 2010

69
Q

Other STDs other than HIV/AIDS

A
  • chlamydia
  • human papilloma virus
70
Q

How many people had chlamydia in 2019

A

229,441
59% of which 15-25 years of age

71
Q

How many people had human papilloma virus

A

4% males and 4%female in 2018

72
Q

Fix to unprotected sex

A

Condom use

73
Q

Barriers to condom use

A

Alcohol use
Negative attitudes
Unrealistic optimism
For women:
Embarrassed suggesting use

74
Q

Who uses condoms

A

Young use condoms more than old
Females less often than males
Use greatest with new partners
Less use among those with multiple partners
Female use less affected by multiple partners

75
Q

YouGov survey on condom use on ages 16-24

A

2000 respondents
47% did not use condoms

Stress And Distress PPP-1002-0 (5 decks)

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