Models of Behavior

Question 1

SCT developed by who and when?

Answer 1

Developed by psychologist Alberta Bandura (1962)

Question 2

What does the SCT suggest?

Answer 2

[Developed by psychologist Alberta Bandura (1962)]
He suggested that people evaluate a situation based on specific internal expectations and preferences, then control their behavioral response based on these.

Question 3

Three components of SCT or personality?

Answer 3

Personal determinants
Behavioral determinants
Environmental determinants

Question 4

Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) describes the influence of individual ____________, the ______ of others, and environmental __________ on individual __________ ________. SCT provides opportunities for social support through instilling _____, ____-______, and using ____________ __________ and other reinforcements to achieve behavior change.

Answer 4

Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) describes the influence of individual experiences, the actions of others, and environmental factors on individual health behaviors. SCT provides opportunities for social support through instilling expectations, self-efficacy, and using observational learning and other reinforcements to achieve behavior change.

Question 5

The SCT can be used to understand the influence of ______ ______________ of health and a person’s past ____________ on behavior _______.

Answer 5

The SCT can be used to understand the influence of social determinants of health and a person’s past experiences on behavior change.

Question 6

Three unique traits of the SCT?

Answer 6

► Self-efficacy, goals, and outcome
expectations likely to determine behavior change
► Considers past experiences to explain why a person will or will not act
► Considers how people maintain behavior

Question 7

7 key components
of the SCT related
to individual
behavior change
include?

Answer 7

● Observational learning: Watching &
observing outcomes of others performing or
modeling the desired behavior.
● Self-efficacy: The belief that an individual has control over & able to execute a behavior.
● Behavioral capability: Understanding and
having the skill to perform a behavior.
● Expectations: Determining the outcomes of behavior change.
● Expectancies: Assigning a value to the outcomes of behavior change.
● Self-control: Regulating & monitoring individual behavior.
● Reinforcements: Promoting incentives & rewards that encourage behavior change.

Question 8

What are sources of information for self-efficacy?

Answer 8

Enactive mastery (performance outcomes)
Vicarious Experience (self-modeling)
Verbal persuasion (verbal encouragement)
Physiological arousal (emotional state)

Question 9

5 limitations to the SCT?

Answer 9

➢ The theory can be broad-reaching, so can be difficult to operationalize in
entirety.
➢ Loosely organized, based solely on the dynamic interplay between person,
behavior, and environment. It is unclear the extent to which each of these factors into actual behavior; if one is more influential than another.
➢ Assumes that changes in the environment will automatically lead to changes in the person which may not always be true
➢ Heavily focuses on processes of learning; disregards biological and
hormonal predispositions that may influence behaviors, regardless of past experience and expectations.
➢ Does not focus on emotion or motivation, other than through reference to past experience.

Question 10

Transtheoretical model developed when, by who, and why?

Answer 10

Originally developed by Prochaska and
DiClemente (1984, 1986) within a clinical context to describe the process of behavior change for addictive behaviors

Question 11

What is the transtheoretical model?

Answer 11

The Transtheoretical Model: Is a dynamic theory of change based on the assumption that there is a common set of change processes that can be applied across a broad range of health behaviors

Question 12

What are the 10 cognitive process of change?

Answer 12

1. Consciousness Raising - Increasing awareness about the healthy
   behavior.
2. Dramatic Relief - Emotional arousal about the health behavior,
   whether positive or negative arousal.
3. Self-Reevaluation - Self reappraisal to realize the healthy behavior
   is part of who they want to be.
4. Environmental Reevaluation - Social reappraisal to realize how their
   unhealthy behavior affects others.
5. Social Liberation - Environmental opportunities that exist to show
   society is supportive of the healthy behavior.
6. Self-Liberation - Commitment to change behavior based on the belief that achievement of the healthy behavior is possible.
7. Helping Relationships - Finding supportive relationships that encourage the desired change.
8. Counter-Conditioning - Substituting healthy behaviors and thoughts for
   unhealthy behaviors and thoughts.
9. Reinforcement Management - Rewarding the positive behavior and reducing the rewards that come from negative behavior.
10. Stimulus Control - Re-engineering the environment to have reminders and cues that support and encourage the healthy behavior and remove those that encourage the unhealthy behavior.

Question 13

Stages of transtheoretical model of change?

Answer 13

Precontemplation-no
Contemplation-maybe
Preparation-prepare/plan
Action-do
Maintenance-keep going

Question 14

Intervention strategies of precontemplation?

Answer 14

-Education
-Increase the importance of the cognitive dissonance
-Gamification and extrinsic rewards

Question 15

Intervention strategies for contemplation?

Answer 15

-Education
-Increase the importance of the cognitive dissonance
-Gamification and extrinsic rewards
-Increase users’ awareness of their current behavioral patterns

Question 16

Intervention strategies for preparation?

Answer 16

-Education
-Increase the importance of the cognitive dissonance
-Gamification and extrinsic rewards
-Persistent visual feedback to increase users’ awareness of their current behavioral patterns

Question 17

Intervention strategies for action?

Answer 17

-Gamification and extrinsic rewards (optional)
-Persistent visual feedback to increase users’ awareness of their current behavioral patterns
-Elements of social influence

Question 18

Intervention strategies for Maintenance?

Answer 18

-Gamification and extrinsic rewards (optional)
-Persistent visual feedback to increase users’ awareness of achieved results
-Stronger elements of social influence
-Overcome problems arising

Question 19

Limitations of the transtheoretical model?

Answer 19

● The lines between the stages can be
arbitrary with no set criteria of how to
determine a person’s stage of change.
● There is no clear sense for how much
time is needed for each stage, or how
long a person can remain in a stage.
● The model assumes that individuals
make coherent and logical plans in their decision-making process when this is not always true.
● Ignores the social context in which
change occurs, such as SES/income.

Question 20

What is the health belief model?

Answer 20

Health Belief Model: Is a social psychological health behavior change model developed to explain and predict health-related behaviors, particularly in regard to the uptake of health services.

Question 21

Health belief model when and developed by who?

Answer 21

Developed in the 1950s by social psychologists at the U.S. Public
Health Service

Question 22

What is one of the best known and most widely used theories in health
behavior research?

Answer 22

Health belief model

Question 23

What are the six components of the health belief model?

Answer 23

-Perceived Susceptibility
-Perceived Severity
-Perceived Benefits
-Perceived Barriers
-Cue to action
-Self-efficacy

Question 24

Perceived susceptibility?

Answer 24

Perceived Susceptibility - a person’s subjective perception of the risk of acquiring an illness or disease

Question 25

Perceived severity?

Answer 25

Perceived Severity - This refers to a person’s feelings on the seriousness of contracting an illness or disease (or leaving the illness or disease untreated). One often considers the medical consequences (e.g., death, disability) and social consequences (e.g., family life, social relationships) when evaluating severity.

Question 26

Perceived Benefits?

Answer 26

Perceived Benefits - This refers to a person’s perception of the effectiveness of various actions available to reduce the threat of illness or disease (or to cure illness or disease).

Question 27

Perceived Barriers?

Answer 27

Perceived Barriers - This refers to a person’s feelings on the obstacles to performing a recommended health action. The person weighs the effectiveness of the actions against the perceptions that it may be expensive, dangerous (e.g., side effects), unpleasant (e.g., painful), time-consuming, or inconvenient.

Question 28

Cue to action?

Answer 28

Cue to Action - This is the stimulus needed to trigger the decision-making process to accept a recommended health action. Can be internal (e.g., chest pains, wheezing, etc.) or external (e.g., advice from others, illness of family member, newspaper article, etc.).

Question 29

Self-efficacy?

Answer 29

Self-efficacy - This refers to the level of a person’s confidence in his or her ability to successfully perform a behavior.

Question 30

What are limitations of the health belief model?

Answer 30

● A person’s attitudes, beliefs, or other individual determinants that dictate a person’s acceptance of a health behavior.
● Behaviors that are performed for non-health related reasons such as social acceptability.
● Behaviors that are habitual/addictive and thus may inform the decision-making process to accept a recommended action (e.g., smoking).
● Environmental or economic factors that may prohibit or promote the recommended action.
● It assumes that everyone has access to equal amounts of information on the illness or disease.
● It assumes that cues to action are widely prevalent in encouraging people to act