Models of Behavior Flashcards
SCT developed by who and when?
Developed by psychologist Alberta Bandura (1962)
What does the SCT suggest?
[Developed by psychologist Alberta Bandura (1962)]
He suggested that people evaluate a situation based on specific internal expectations and preferences, then control their behavioral response based on these.
Three components of SCT or personality?
Personal determinants
Behavioral determinants
Environmental determinants
Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) describes the influence of individual ____________, the ______ of others, and environmental __________ on individual __________ ________. SCT provides opportunities for social support through instilling _____, ____-______, and using ____________ __________ and other reinforcements to achieve behavior change.
Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) describes the influence of individual experiences, the actions of others, and environmental factors on individual health behaviors. SCT provides opportunities for social support through instilling expectations, self-efficacy, and using observational learning and other reinforcements to achieve behavior change.
The SCT can be used to understand the influence of ______ ______________ of health and a person’s past ____________ on behavior _______.
The SCT can be used to understand the influence of social determinants of health and a person’s past experiences on behavior change.
Three unique traits of the SCT?
► Self-efficacy, goals, and outcome
expectations likely to determine behavior change
► Considers past experiences to explain why a person will or will not act
► Considers how people maintain behavior
7 key components
of the SCT related
to individual
behavior change
include?
● Observational learning: Watching &
observing outcomes of others performing or
modeling the desired behavior.
● Self-efficacy: The belief that an individual has control over & able to execute a behavior.
● Behavioral capability: Understanding and
having the skill to perform a behavior.
● Expectations: Determining the outcomes of behavior change.
● Expectancies: Assigning a value to the outcomes of behavior change.
● Self-control: Regulating & monitoring individual behavior.
● Reinforcements: Promoting incentives & rewards that encourage behavior change.
What are sources of information for self-efficacy?
Enactive mastery (performance outcomes)
Vicarious Experience (self-modeling)
Verbal persuasion (verbal encouragement)
Physiological arousal (emotional state)
5 limitations to the SCT?
➢ The theory can be broad-reaching, so can be difficult to operationalize in
entirety.
➢ Loosely organized, based solely on the dynamic interplay between person,
behavior, and environment. It is unclear the extent to which each of these factors into actual behavior; if one is more influential than another.
➢ Assumes that changes in the environment will automatically lead to changes in the person which may not always be true
➢ Heavily focuses on processes of learning; disregards biological and
hormonal predispositions that may influence behaviors, regardless of past experience and expectations.
➢ Does not focus on emotion or motivation, other than through reference to past experience.
Transtheoretical model developed when, by who, and why?
Originally developed by Prochaska and
DiClemente (1984, 1986) within a clinical context to describe the process of behavior change for addictive behaviors
What is the transtheoretical model?
The Transtheoretical Model: Is a dynamic theory of change based on the assumption that there is a common set of change processes that can be applied across a broad range of health behaviors
What are the 10 cognitive process of change?
- Consciousness Raising - Increasing awareness about the healthy
behavior. - Dramatic Relief - Emotional arousal about the health behavior,
whether positive or negative arousal. - Self-Reevaluation - Self reappraisal to realize the healthy behavior
is part of who they want to be. - Environmental Reevaluation - Social reappraisal to realize how their
unhealthy behavior affects others. - Social Liberation - Environmental opportunities that exist to show
society is supportive of the healthy behavior. - Self-Liberation - Commitment to change behavior based on the belief that achievement of the healthy behavior is possible.
- Helping Relationships - Finding supportive relationships that encourage the desired change.
- Counter-Conditioning - Substituting healthy behaviors and thoughts for
unhealthy behaviors and thoughts. - Reinforcement Management - Rewarding the positive behavior and reducing the rewards that come from negative behavior.
- Stimulus Control - Re-engineering the environment to have reminders and cues that support and encourage the healthy behavior and remove those that encourage the unhealthy behavior.
Stages of transtheoretical model of change?
Precontemplation-no
Contemplation-maybe
Preparation-prepare/plan
Action-do
Maintenance-keep going
Intervention strategies of precontemplation?
-Education
-Increase the importance of the cognitive dissonance
-Gamification and extrinsic rewards
Intervention strategies for contemplation?
-Education
-Increase the importance of the cognitive dissonance
-Gamification and extrinsic rewards
-Increase users’ awareness of their current behavioral patterns
Intervention strategies for preparation?
-Education
-Increase the importance of the cognitive dissonance
-Gamification and extrinsic rewards
-Persistent visual feedback to increase users’ awareness of their current behavioral patterns
Intervention strategies for action?
-Gamification and extrinsic rewards (optional)
-Persistent visual feedback to increase users’ awareness of their current behavioral patterns
-Elements of social influence
Intervention strategies for Maintenance?
-Gamification and extrinsic rewards (optional)
-Persistent visual feedback to increase users’ awareness of achieved results
-Stronger elements of social influence
-Overcome problems arising
Limitations of the transtheoretical model?
● The lines between the stages can be
arbitrary with no set criteria of how to
determine a person’s stage of change.
● There is no clear sense for how much
time is needed for each stage, or how
long a person can remain in a stage.
● The model assumes that individuals
make coherent and logical plans in their decision-making process when this is not always true.
● Ignores the social context in which
change occurs, such as SES/income.
What is the health belief model?
Health Belief Model: Is a social psychological health behavior change model developed to explain and predict health-related behaviors, particularly in regard to the uptake of health services.
Health belief model when and developed by who?
Developed in the 1950s by social psychologists at the U.S. Public
Health Service
What is one of the best known and most widely used theories in health
behavior research?
Health belief model
What are the six components of the health belief model?
-Perceived Susceptibility
-Perceived Severity
-Perceived Benefits
-Perceived Barriers
-Cue to action
-Self-efficacy
Perceived susceptibility?
Perceived Susceptibility - a person’s subjective perception of the risk of acquiring an illness or disease
Perceived severity?
Perceived Severity - This refers to a person’s feelings on the seriousness of contracting an illness or disease (or leaving the illness or disease untreated). One often considers the medical consequences (e.g., death, disability) and social consequences (e.g., family life, social relationships) when evaluating severity.
Perceived Benefits?
Perceived Benefits - This refers to a person’s perception of the effectiveness of various actions available to reduce the threat of illness or disease (or to cure illness or disease).
Perceived Barriers?
Perceived Barriers - This refers to a person’s feelings on the obstacles to performing a recommended health action. The person weighs the effectiveness of the actions against the perceptions that it may be expensive, dangerous (e.g., side effects), unpleasant (e.g., painful), time-consuming, or inconvenient.
Cue to action?
Cue to Action - This is the stimulus needed to trigger the decision-making process to accept a recommended health action. Can be internal (e.g., chest pains, wheezing, etc.) or external (e.g., advice from others, illness of family member, newspaper article, etc.).
Self-efficacy?
Self-efficacy - This refers to the level of a person’s confidence in his or her ability to successfully perform a behavior.
What are limitations of the health belief model?
● A person’s attitudes, beliefs, or other individual determinants that dictate a person’s acceptance of a health behavior.
● Behaviors that are performed for non-health related reasons such as social acceptability.
● Behaviors that are habitual/addictive and thus may inform the decision-making process to accept a recommended action (e.g., smoking).
● Environmental or economic factors that may prohibit or promote the recommended action.
● It assumes that everyone has access to equal amounts of information on the illness or disease.
● It assumes that cues to action are widely prevalent in encouraging people to act
