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BI 338 Cells > Model Organisms (Lecture 3) > Flashcards

Model Organisms (Lecture 3) Flashcards

1
Q

What is a model organism?

A

Discoveries about biological structures and functions obtained with one organism are often applicable to others

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2
Q

What are the three useful feature of model organisms?

A 
Small
Easy feeding
Non-dangerous
Cheap
Genome Sequence etc.
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3
Q

True or False: Bacteria are well-suited for studies on population dynamics, certain molecular mechanisms, cell growth, disease, antibiotic resistance, and evolutionary dynamics.

A

True

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4
Q

What is a unique characteristic of caulobacter crescentus?

A

Produces a stalk only at one end

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5
Q

What are the four most common bacteria used as model organisms?

A

E. coli, B. subtilis, Caulobacter crescentus, and Pseudomonas fluorescens

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6
Q

What are the 5 steps (key ideas when choosing a model organism)?

A

Focus of study (What organisms show the phenotype of the mechanism under study)

Techniques (Are particular lines need, knockout inbred etc.)

Data Collection (Which organism has the simplest genome)

Ethics (What organism will experience the least suffering)

Practical issues ( What organism will require the least time-consuming care, cheapest, shortest generation time etc.)

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7
Q

Why are yeasts a common model organism?

A

Combine many benefits of bacteria (small, short generation time, etc) in a eukaryotic cell

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8
Q

What is yeast used to investigate in model organisms?

A

—Proteins in endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex
that promote protein secretion
—
Cell cycle regulators

Processes of DNA replication and transcription

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9
Q

Why is the haploid and diploid stage unique to yeast?

A

Benefits of yeast, can’t hide recessive traits if working with the haploid cell (only one copy of chromosome) whereas in diploid organisms, the recessive trait may not be expressed.

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10
Q

During vegetative growth of diploid cells, Saccharomyces cerevisiae reproduce by ______.

A

Budding

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11
Q

What causes diploid cells to form into haploid cells in saccharomyces cerevisiae?

A

Nutrient limitation, starvation

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12
Q

______ isolate and characterize mutants that lack the ability to do something that a normal organism can do.

A

Classical genetics

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13
Q

True or False: Mutations can occur randomly or be induced with a
chemical or physical mutagen.

A

True

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14
Q

What are temperature sensitive mutations?

A

Organism able to grow at the permissive temperature, but not at the nonpermissive temperature (usually higher)

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15
Q

Why do temperature sensitive mutations occur?

A

Rationale is an altered protein that functions at the

lower temperature, but unfolds and is nonfunctional at the higher temperature.

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16
Q

True or False: Biofilm is an example of true multicellularity life.

A

False, it is a form of simple

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17
Q

What are the four types of animal tissue?

A

Connective
Epithelial
Muscle
Nervous

18
Q

What type of tissue is the site of physical work?

A

Muscle

19
Q

What type of tissue is the protective layer?

A

Epitheal

20
Q

What type of tissue is used for coordination action and voluntary movement?

A

Nervous

21
Q

True or False: The dermal tissue in plants is similar to epithelial tissue in animal cells?

A

True

22
Q

What tissue in the plant cell is known as delivery tissue?

A

Vascular tissue, xylem, phloem

23
Q

What type of tissue in plant cells support structure and physical food storage?

A

Ground tissue

24
Q

Plant cells keep interconnected by ______.

A

Plasmodesmata

25
Q

Animal cells keep interconnected by ______ and ______.

A

Cell adhesion molecule (CAMs)

Collagen (polysaccharides and proteins)

26
Q

Cells of the epithelium are ______ which means that the plasma membranes are organized into ‘top’ (apical) and ‘bottom’ (basal) regions

A

Polarized

27
Q

______ connect between epidermal cells whereas ______ connect between epidermal cell and the basal lamina.

A

Desmosome, hemidesmosome

28
Q

Layers of tissues ‘team up’ to form important body structures known as ______.

A

Organs

29
Q

Why is blood vessels considered a organ>

A

—Lined with endothelium to prevent blood cell leakage
—
Wrapped with smooth muscle to regulate blood flow (can contract or relax)
—
Outer layer of connective tissue to protect from stretching and rupture

30
Q

True or False: 10% of human DNA play regulatory role whereas 90% of human DNA encodes proteins.

A

False, 90% regulatory role, 10% DNA encoded for proteins

31
Q

What is the dauer stage in C. elegans life cycle?

A

pause phase

32
Q

What is C. elegans a good model organism for?

A

Neurodegenerative diseases in humans

33
Q

True or False: Humans and mice diverged about 75 Myr ago.

A

True

34
Q

______ is occurrence of genes in the same order on a chromosome in two or more different species.

A

Synteny

35
Q

______ would be a good model organism for stem cell research.

A

Planaria

36
Q

Why do humans appear so different from other apes, when our genomes are so similar?

A

Genes are regulated during development of all metazoans from a single cell (fertilized egg)
—
Regulatory DNA sequences are bound by regulatory proteins that control a protein-coding gene may differ between organisms

37
Q

______ have a mouth near blastopore & ventral nerve cord and ______ have a anus near blastopore & dorsal central nervous system.

A

Protostomes

Deuterostomes

38
Q

Pax 6 and eyeless disease cause ______.

A

Aniridia

39
Q

True or False: In genetic diseases, Many are caused by mutations in a single gene, encoding a single protein (monogenic).

A

True

40
Q

DMD (Duchenne muscular dystrophy) have mutations in ______.

A

Dystrophin

41
Q

What is dystrophin?

A

Encodes a very large protein that acts as part of an adaptor complex between actin filaments and the extracellular matrix protein, laminin

BI 338 Cells (21 decks)

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