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BI 338 Cells > Endosymbionts (Lecture 2) > Flashcards

Endosymbionts (Lecture 2) Flashcards

1
Q

True or False: The processing stage (between transcription and translation) is found in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes.

A

False, only eukaryotes

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2
Q

True or False: Nuclear export only in eukaryotes.

A

True

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3
Q

What type of molecules form covalent bonds?

A

Proteins, nucleic acids, polysaccharides

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4
Q

What type of molecules form without a covalent bond?

A

Lipids

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5
Q

What bond holds together 2 amino acids?

A

Peptide

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6
Q

What type of bond holds two nucleotides together?

A

Phosphodiester bonds

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7
Q

What type of bond holds lipids together?

A

Glycosidic

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8
Q

What is apart of the primary structure for protein hierarchy?

A

Structure, sequence of amino acids

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9
Q

What is apart of the secondary structure for protein hierarchy?

A

Alpha helices, beta sheets

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10
Q

What is apart of the tertiary structure for protein hierarchy?

A

protein folding

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11
Q

What is apart of the quaternary structure for protein hierarchy?

A

How proteins interact with each other

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12
Q

What are the 6 functions of proteins?

A 
Regulation
Signaling
Structure
Movement
Catalysis
Transport
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13
Q

True or False: Macromolecules can have multiple distinct binding sites.

A

True

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14
Q

True or False: Lactose is made up of glucose and fructose.

A

False, galactose and glucose

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15
Q

True or False: Sucrose is made up of glucose and fructose.

A

True

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16
Q

What is endosymbiotic theory?

A

Mitochondria and chloroplasts were once primitive bacterial cells

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17
Q

What are the four simlarities between mitchondria and chloroplasts to bacteria?

A 
Own DNA (separate from
DNA in nucleus of cell)
—  
Bacterial type ribosomes
—  
Surrounded by double membrane
— 
Reproduce like bacteria, replicating own DNA and directing own division
18
Q

What are the four phases of the eukaryotic cell cycle?

A

G1, S G2 M, G0

19
Q

DNA replication occurs in what stage?

A

S

20
Q

Cell division occurs in what stage?

A

M

21
Q

RNA and protein synthesis occurs in what stage?

A

Both G1 and G2

22
Q

Cell constituents are made and cell increases in size occurs in what stage?

A

G1

23
Q

Cell performs chromosome segregation and cell division into two daughter cells occur in what stage?

A

M

24
Q

In what stage does the cell begin to prepare for mitosis?

A

G2

25
Q

In what stage are cells temporarily or permanently out of cell cycle?

A

G0

26
Q

In what stage does DNA replication duplicates each chromosome?

A

S

27
Q

What organelle in plasmodium falciparum can be linked to evidence of endosymbiosis?

A

Apicoplast (non-photosynthetic plastid, essential for survival)

28
Q

What are the two hosts for plasmodium falciparum?

A

Mosquito and human

29
Q

What are the key stages in the plasmodium falciparum?

A

Key human sites: —
Liver (merozoites produced)
Red blood cells (merozoites enter and begin to sporulate)

Key mosquito sites: —
Stomach (oocyst)
—Salivary glands (sporozoites injected into human host)

30
Q

What are the four unique organelles in the falciparum merozoites?

A

Rhoptry
Polarring
—Microneme
Fuzzy surface coat

31
Q

In the falciparum merozoites where is secretion of proteins stored in?

A

Microneme and rhoptry

32
Q

How can antibiotics be used ti attack merozoites which are eukaryotic?

A

The apicoplast is of bacterial origin and has bacterial ribosomes, therefore the apicoplast can be destroyed which will cause the cell to lyse.

33
Q

What are antibiotics?

A

Small molecules that kill or inhibit growth of microorganisms

34
Q

How do antibiotics work?

A

Role in environment is to govern access to nutrients by eliminating other competitors

35
Q

How does clindamycin (macrolides) work?

A

Block the tunnel in the ribosome that the peptide exits from

Stops translation by preventing it to proceed

36
Q

How many chromosomes in the nucleus of the plasmodium falciparum?

A

14

37
Q

What are chromoplasts function?

A

Pigment synthesis and storage

38
Q

What are the 3 specialized leucoplasts?

A

Amyloplast (starch)
Elaioplast (fat)
Proteinoplast (protein)

39
Q

Red pepper skin cells have ______.

A

Chromoplasts

40
Q

Banana cells have ______.

A

Amyloplasts

41
Q

If a fruit has a lot of amyloplasts, is it sweet?

A

No

BI 338 Cells (21 decks)

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