Endosymbionts (Lecture 2) Flashcards
True or False: The processing stage (between transcription and translation) is found in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes.
False, only eukaryotes
True or False: Nuclear export only in eukaryotes.
True
What type of molecules form covalent bonds?
Proteins, nucleic acids, polysaccharides
What type of molecules form without a covalent bond?
Lipids
What bond holds together 2 amino acids?
Peptide
What type of bond holds two nucleotides together?
Phosphodiester bonds
What type of bond holds lipids together?
Glycosidic
What is apart of the primary structure for protein hierarchy?
Structure, sequence of amino acids
What is apart of the secondary structure for protein hierarchy?
Alpha helices, beta sheets
What is apart of the tertiary structure for protein hierarchy?
protein folding
What is apart of the quaternary structure for protein hierarchy?
How proteins interact with each other
What are the 6 functions of proteins?
Regulation Signaling Structure Movement Catalysis Transport
True or False: Macromolecules can have multiple distinct binding sites.
True
True or False: Lactose is made up of glucose and fructose.
False, galactose and glucose
True or False: Sucrose is made up of glucose and fructose.
True
What is endosymbiotic theory?
Mitochondria and chloroplasts were once primitive bacterial cells
What are the four simlarities between mitchondria and chloroplasts to bacteria?
Own DNA (separate from DNA in nucleus of cell) Bacterial type ribosomes Surrounded by double membrane Reproduce like bacteria, replicating own DNA and directing own division
What are the four phases of the eukaryotic cell cycle?
G1, S G2 M, G0
DNA replication occurs in what stage?
S
Cell division occurs in what stage?
M
RNA and protein synthesis occurs in what stage?
Both G1 and G2
Cell constituents are made and cell increases in size occurs in what stage?
G1
Cell performs chromosome segregation and cell division into two daughter cells occur in what stage?
M
In what stage does the cell begin to prepare for mitosis?
G2
In what stage are cells temporarily or permanently out of cell cycle?
G0
In what stage does DNA replication duplicates each chromosome?
S
What organelle in plasmodium falciparum can be linked to evidence of endosymbiosis?
Apicoplast (non-photosynthetic plastid, essential for survival)
What are the two hosts for plasmodium falciparum?
Mosquito and human
What are the key stages in the plasmodium falciparum?
Key human sites:
Liver (merozoites produced)
Red blood cells (merozoites enter and begin to sporulate)
Key mosquito sites:
Stomach (oocyst)
Salivary glands (sporozoites injected into human host)
What are the four unique organelles in the falciparum merozoites?
Rhoptry
Polarring
Microneme
Fuzzy surface coat
In the falciparum merozoites where is secretion of proteins stored in?
Microneme and rhoptry
How can antibiotics be used ti attack merozoites which are eukaryotic?
The apicoplast is of bacterial origin and has bacterial ribosomes, therefore the apicoplast can be destroyed which will cause the cell to lyse.
What are antibiotics?
Small molecules that kill or inhibit growth of microorganisms
How do antibiotics work?
Role in environment is to govern access to nutrients by eliminating other competitors
How does clindamycin (macrolides) work?
Block the tunnel in the ribosome that the peptide exits from
Stops translation by preventing it to proceed
How many chromosomes in the nucleus of the plasmodium falciparum?
14
What are chromoplasts function?
Pigment synthesis and storage
What are the 3 specialized leucoplasts?
Amyloplast (starch)
Elaioplast (fat)
Proteinoplast (protein)
Red pepper skin cells have ______.
Chromoplasts
Banana cells have ______.
Amyloplasts
If a fruit has a lot of amyloplasts, is it sweet?
No
