Model Organisms Flashcards
Round Worms
Ceanorhaditis Elegens
Males and females
Males are smaller, females larger (amphordite)
Have about 1,000 cells
Has a nervous system, muscles, gut, kidney, version of an immune system
Model Organism
Used in research lab & is genetically pliable & manipulatable
* You can take a gene away to see how the organism works * Engineer their genes * Add and take genes * Phenotype (traits)
List of Model Organisms
Mice (house mouse) Rabbits (antibody production) Fruit Flies (drosophilia melanogaster) Farm Animals Mustard Plant (Arabidupsis Thaliana) Yeast (Saccharoneyces cernesiae) African Cloud Frog (Yenopus Laeuis) E.Coli (Bacteria) Slime Mold (Dictostelium)
Osmotic Stress
growth in water that is salty
Enzymes for adaptations
They found a signaling pathway found in all eukaryotic cells
Regulates development in humans & involved inflammation in the immune system & involved in cancer
Pathway name
PB52 -> HOG1 (p38 is the Human form)
What happened when HOG1 was taken away from the yeast cells:
When HOG 1 or PB52 was taken away the yeast cells were very susceptible/vulnerable to salt
Yeast cell was damaged. Replaced HOG1 with p38, the cell was able to function as it did originally
Reductionist Approach:
an approach to understanding the nature of complex things by reducing them to the interactions of their parts, or to simpler or more fundamental things
Creationism:
God created, (Intelligence behind creation), Author of everything.
Collins’ perspective:
evidence for an author
Now, most people who say they are “Creationist” mean YEC
YEC:
- Genesis 1&2 are 24 hour days
- The earth is 6,000 years old
- All life forms were separately created
- Microevolution - dogs from one initial dog
- Dating methods are wrong - Carbon 12 & 14
- Geology, Biology, Physics, and Genetics are wrong
- Scientists lie, agree to mislead people
- 50% of people are YEC
- Causes Scientists to label YEC as ignorant, intellectually damaged by faith
RNA World Hypothesis:
Nucleotides came together and eventually began to from RNA and its role as a functional compound. It then created DNA. More complex compounds begin to be encircled by a cell membrane, then formed life.
• RNA does have some enzymatic abilities. (splicing) Protein: an assemblage of amino acid
Amino Acid:
carboxyl and an amino acid, forms chains of proteins
RNA World Hypothesis is not provable: Speaker said, “We don’t know about any system that would drive this process”
How old is the universe?
4.6 billion years old
How old is life, and what evidence is there for it?
3.4 billion years old; ancient microbes, stromatolites, ice in the polar caps
What conclusion does Collins say you have to come to if you are YEC?
you have to come to the conclusion that we’ve been fooled
Collins’ Plea for reason:
○ “We must not, then, as Christians, assume an attitude of antagonism toward the truths of reason, or the truths of philosophy, or the truths of science, or the truths of history, or the truths of criticism. As children of the light, we must be careful to keep ourselves open to every ray of light. Let us, then, cultivate an attitude of courage as over against the investigations of the day. None should be more zealous in them than we. None should be more quick to discern truth in every field, more hospitable to receive it, more loyal to follow it whithersoever it leads.” - Benjamin Warfield
Intelligent Design:
○ God of the Gaps
○ Irreducible Complexity - Behe Darwin’s Black Box
○ Parts of the body are “unexplainable” with evolution
§ Flagella: 30 proteins, “outboard motors”
§ Eyeball:
○ ID -> not testable?
“Major cracks are beginning to appear, suggesting that ID proponents have made the mistake of confusing the unknown with the unknowable, or the unsolved with the unsolvable.”
○ Page 200
Gram negative
Type of cell wall that has 2 membranes and a thin layer of peptidoglycan in between
Gram positive
Type of cell wall with 1 membrane and a layer of peptidoglycan
Escherichia Col:
Indication microbe of fecal contamination
• Intestinal microbe strain
• Sometimes pathogenic - 0157:H7 shiga toxin producing
• Facultative anaerobe: microbe can grow with or without oxygen
• Resistant to intestinal detergent
• Na-deoxycleolate (bile)
• Motile- has a flagella
Motile
has a flagella
Enteric Bacteria:
indicators of fecal contamination (bacteria that lives in the digestive system)
• most water tested for contamination is tested for coliforms
Coliforms:
general reference to a type of bacteria that is bile-resistant, lactose fermenter (consume lactose
§ Bile is a soap you make in your gal bladder
More Coliforms
more fecal contamination
Chromosomes in humans & apes
• Chimps - 2n - 24 pairs • Humans - 2n - 23 pairs • Gorilla - 24 pairs Orangutan - 24 pairs 2 chromosomes appear to have fused to be a part of Chromosome 2
telomere
a compound structure at the end of a chromosome.
Francis Crick & E. Blackburn worked on telomere
Scientific Method
- Develop General Theories
- Make Observations
- Think of Interesting Questions
- Formulate Hypothesis (Independent & Dependent variables)
- Develop Testable Predictions
- Gather Data to test predictions
Refine, Alter, Expand or Reject Hypothesis
Biology
the study of living organisms and their interactions with one another and their environments.
Science
from the Latin scientia, meaning “knowledge”) can be defined as knowledge that covers general truths or the operation of general laws, especially when acquired and tested by the scientific method.
Scientific method
a method of research with defined steps that include experiments and careful observation.
Hypothesis
a suggested explanation for an event, which can be tested.
Theory
a tested and confirmed explanation for observations or phenomena. Science may be better defined as fields of study that attempt to comprehend the nature of the universe.
life sciences
study living things and include biology
physical sciences
which study nonliving matter and include astronomy, geology, physics, and chemistry.
Inductive reasoning
a form of logical thinking that uses related observations to arrive at a general conclusion. This type of reasoning is common in descriptive science.
Deductive reasoning
a form of logical thinking that uses a general principle or law to forecast specific results.
Descriptive (or discovery) science,
usually inductive, aims to observe, explore, and discover
hypothesis-based science
usually deductive, begins with a specific question or problem and a potential answer or solution that can be tested.
A valid hypothesis must be
testable
Falsifiable
it can be disproven by experimental results.
Control group
contains every feature of the experimental group except it is not given the manipulation that is hypothesized about
Basic science
“pure” science seeks to expand knowledge regardless of the short-term application of that knowledge.
applied science
aims to use science to solve real-world problems, making it possible, for example, to improve a crop yield, find a cure for a particular disease, or save animals threatened by a natural disaster
serendipity
by means of a fortunate accident or a lucky surprise. Penicillin was discovered when biologist Alexander Fleming accidentally left a petri dish of Staphylococcus bacteria open.
Peer-reviewed manuscripts
scientific papers that are reviewed by a scientist’s colleagues, or peers.
abstract
(a concise summary) at the beginning of the paper.
introduction
brief, but broad, background information about what is known in the field.
materials and methods
a complete and accurate description of the substances used, and the method and techniques used by the researchers to gather data.
results
narrates the findings without any further interpretation. The results are presented by means of tables or graphs, but no duplicate information should be presented.
discussion
the researcher will interpret the results, describe how variables may be related, and attempt to explain the observations.
conclusion
summarizes the importance of the experimental findings. While the scientific paper almost certainly answered one or more scientific questions that were stated, any good research should lead to more questions. Therefore, a well-done scientific paper leaves doors open for the researcher and others to continue and expand on the findings.
Review articles
do not follow the IMRAD format because they do not present original scientific findings, or primary literature; instead, they summarize and comment on findings that were published as primary literature and typically include extensive reference sections.
atom
the smallest and most fundamental unit of matter. It consists of a nucleus surrounded by electrons. Atoms form molecules.
molecule
a chemical structure consisting of at least two atoms held together by one or more chemical bonds.
macromolecules
large molecules that are typically formed by polymerization (a polymer is a large molecule that is made by combining smaller units called monomers, which are simpler than macromolecules). An example of a macromolecule is deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Prokaryotes
single-celled or colonial organisms that do not have membrane- bound nuclei
eukaryotes
have membrane-bound organelles and a membrane-bound nucleus.
tissues
groups of similar cells carrying out similar or related functions.
Organs
collections of tissues grouped together performing a common function
Organ system
a higher level of organization that consists of functionally related organs. Mammals have many organ systems.
Organisms
individual living entities. For example, each tree in a forest is an organism. Single-celled prokaryotes and single-celled eukaryotes are also considered organisms and are typically referred to as microorganisms.
population
All the individuals of a species living within a specific area
community
the sum of populations inhabiting a particular area. For instance, all of the trees, flowers, insects, and other populations in a forest form the forest’s community. The forest itself is an ecosystem.
ecosystem
all the living things in a particular area together with the abiotic, non-living parts of that environment such as nitrogen in the soil or rain water.
biosphere
the collection of all ecosystems, and it represents the zones of life on earth. It includes land, water, and even the atmosphere to a certain extent.
evolution
the process of gradual change during which new species arise from older species.
phylogenetic tree
a diagram showing the evolutionary relationships among biological species based on similarities and differences in genetic or physical traits or both.
molecular biology and biochemistry
study biological processes at the molecular and chemical level, including interactions among molecules such as DNA, RNA, and proteins, as well as the way they are regulated
Microbiology,
the study of microorganisms, is the study of the structure and function of single-celled organisms. It is quite a broad branch itself, and depending on the subject of study, there are also microbial physiologists, ecologists, and geneticists, among others.
neurobiology
studies the biology of the nervous system, and although it is considered a branch of biology, it is also recognized as an interdisciplinary field of study known as neuroscience.
Paleontology
branch of biology, uses fossils to study life’s history
Zoology
the study of animals
botany
the study of plants
