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Biology > Final Exam Pt.1 > Flashcards

Final Exam Pt.1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

independent variable

A

The thing that you change

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2
Q

dependent variable

A

The thing that changes based on what you did

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3
Q

control

A

A thing that doesn’t get changed

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4
Q

constants

A

Things that must remain the same in order for your experiment to be valid

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5
Q

quantitative

A

measurements/numbers

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6
Q

qualitative

A

descriptions

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7
Q

observation

A

something you observe/see happening

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8
Q

inference

A

something that you infer based on an observation

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9
Q

deoxyribose

A

ring shaped sugar

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10
Q

phosphate

A

makes up part of the backbone of DNA

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11
Q

hydrogen bonds

A

hold nucleotides together

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12
Q

nucleotides

A

adenine, cytosine, thymine, and guanine (the “rungs” of DNA)

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13
Q

base pairing

A

adenine & thymine, guanine & cytosine

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14
Q

uracil

A

the thymine version for RNA

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15
Q

DNA vs RNA

A

DNA: (deoxyribonucleicacid)
- double helix, thymine, stays in nucleus
RNA: (ribonucleicacid)
- single, twisted strand, uracil, travels to cytoplasm

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16
Q

ribose

A

the sugar for RNA

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17
Q

DNA replication

A

DNA replication takes place during the S stage of Interphase. Helicase “unzips” the DNA, and then DNA polymerase attaches a new complementary nucleotide to each original

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18
Q

DNA polymerase

A

Enzyme that attaches nucleotides that complement each original nucleotide on the DNA strand

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19
Q

helicase

A

“unzips” DNA

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20
Q

Transcription

A

process that converts DNA’s nucleotide sequence to the form of a single-stranded RNA molecule; takes place in the cell’s nucleus

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21
Q

Translation

A
  1. RNA Polymerase “copies” RNA from DNA
  2. mRNA leaves the nucleus
  3. rRNA (ribosome) attaches to mRNA
  4. a special codon codes for “start” (AUG)
  5. Anticodons match the sequence on mRNA
  6. tRNA drops off amino acids in the sequence directed by mRNA
  7. a special codon codes for “stop”
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22
Q

RNA polymerase

A

Enzyme that copies RNA from DNA

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23
Q

messenger RNA (mRNA)

A

a messenger molecule of RNA

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24
Q

ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

A

makes up a large part of the ribosome

25
Q

transfer RNA (tRNA)

A

translates the 3-letter codons of mRNA to amino acids

26
Q

codon

A

set of 3 nucleotides on a strand of RNA

27
Q

anti-codon

A

sequence of 3 nucleotides that complement the codons on mRNA

28
Q

start codon

A

AUG

29
Q

mutagen

A

factor that causes a mutation

30
Q

deletion

A

part of a chromosome is lost

31
Q

duplication

A

part of a chromosome is repeated

32
Q

inversion

A

part of a chromosome is flipped

33
Q

translocation

A

part of a chromosome attaches to a non-homologous chromosome

34
Q

promoter

A

site where RNA polymerase attaches to DNA

35
Q

operator

A

a cluster of genes, along with its control sequences

36
Q

repressor

A

protein that binds to the operator so RNA can’t continue transcription

37
Q

Frederick Griffith

A

guy who came up with mouse & bacteria experiment with pneumonia

38
Q

Hershey & Chase

A

experimented with viruses (DNA inside protein capsule), labeled virus proteins with radiation- viruses infect bacteria, bacteria DOES NOT become radioactive, labeled virus DNA with radiation - viruses infect bacteria, bacteria DOES become radioactive

39
Q

Avery

A

Avery repeated Griffith’s experiment, but added protein destroying enzymes. When he added the enzymes, the bacteria still transformed, but when he added DNA destroying enzymes, the bacteria didn’t transform.

40
Q

Franklin & Wilkins

A

X ray crystallography, revealed DNA’s helix shape

41
Q

Watson & Crick

A

figured out the double helix with sugar phosphate backbone

42
Q

plasmid

A

small, circular DNA molecule separate from the much larger bacterial chromosome

43
Q

restriction enzymes

A

tools that cut DNA

44
Q

sticky ends

A

when a restriction Enzyme cuts apart a DNA strand, there are nucleotides left unattached to anything

45
Q

DNA cloning

A

reprogramming bacteria to make many copies of DNA segments we’re interested in

46
Q

transformation

A

taking in DNA from the environment

47
Q

recombinant DNA

A

DNA blended from multiple sources

48
Q

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

A

quickly makes many copies of DNA without cells

49
Q

reproductive cloning

A

when the nucleus is removed from an egg cell and replaced with the nucleus of a cell from the organism you want to clone

50
Q

DNA fingerprinting

A

uses patterns of sliced and sorted DNA to identify a person

51
Q

Gel Electrophoresis

A

small piece of DNA that allows DNA polymerase to attach

52
Q

Hardy Weinburg equilibrium

A

populations that do not undergo a change in the gene pool

53
Q

sources of genetic variation

A

mutation
gene flow
genetic drift

54
Q

gene flow

A

exchange of genes with another population

55
Q

genetic drift

A

change in a gene pool due to chance

56
Q

bottleneck effect

A

reduced population due to disasters

57
Q

founder effect

A

a few individuals colonize a location

58
Q

gene pool

A

all the available alleles in a population

Biology (5 decks)

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