Model Organisms Flashcards
non-human species that is extensively studied to understand basic biological phenomena, with the expectation that discoveries made in the model organism can be extrapolated to other species, including humans.
Model organisms
What do you mean by a model organism?
non-human species that is extensively studied to understand basic biological phenomena, with the expectation that discoveries made in the model organism can be extrapolated to other species, including humans.
Why do we use model organisms?
❑Small adult size
❑Rapid development with short life cycles
❑Can be breed in large numbers
❑Readily available and inexpensive maintenance
❑Similar genes or similar-sized genomes to humans
❑Tractability to experimental methodology
foundations of molecular biology were based on studieS of what
Bacteria
What bacteria is common to be a model organism
Escherichia coli
Eukaryotic system.
➢Signaling molecules and cell cycle are nearly similar.
➢Good model system to understand many human diseases including cancer
Yeast
➢Ease of genetic manipulation allows its use for analyzing and functionally dissecting gene products from other eukaryotes.
➢Last decade four Nobel prizes were awarded for discoveries
Yeast
What is the common specie of yeast used as model organism
Saccharomyces cerevisaie
❑One of the best characterized multicellular animal at the level of genomics, genetics, embryology
❑Its genome is fully sequenced
Caenorhabditis elegans
❑unique in that it can be grown and genetically manipulated with the speed and ease of a micro-organism while offering the features of a real animal
Caenorhabditis elegans
C. elegans has a full set of ______, and has complex. ________
Organ system, sensory systems
How may cells constituted with C. elegans
1000/959
Where do C. Elegans usually used in study
Developmental and Cell biology
Neurobiology
Aging
Human disease studies
Explain the life cycle of the Fruit fly
Fertilization-Embryo-1st instar karva-2nd instar larva-3rd instar larva-pupa-adult
❑Small size, short life cycle, ease of culture, and ability to readily produce mutations relevant to human health and disease
❑The embryonic development can be seen through its transparent egg and closely resembles that of higher vertebrates
Danio rerio
What does D.rerio shared features with human
Blood, kidney, optical system
❑Development in ex vivo.
❑Entire initial development is transparent.
❑48hrs is enough for the development of most of the organ systems.
D.rerio
D.rerio genome is half the size of the____ and ______ genomes, which is valuable in identification of key vertebrate genes.
Mouse,human
provides an excellent model system for studying the development of higher vertebrates wherein growth accompanies morphogenesis.
Chick embryo
Explain why Mus musculus is used as a model organisms
❑Closest mammalian model organism to humans
A model organisms that share a high degree of similarities with hunan
Mus musculus
❑A great system for studying and understanding human disease, as well as a mechanism for investigating new treatment strategies in ways that cannot be done in humans
Mus musculus
______has already proven extremely useful in development, ____, and immunology studies
Mouse, genetics
❑Small flowering plant
❑Has a small genome relative to other plants and is easily grown under laboratory conditions
Arabidopsis thaliana
Limitation: Unicellular No distinct tissues
Yeast
Excellent genetics
Genes can be easily cloned Powerful molecular techniques Possess all basic eukaryotic cell organelles
Cell cycle control similar to animals
Yeast
determine where gene acts
Mosaic Analysis
Organ systems similar to other vertebrates (e.g.,
eyes, heart, blood, gastrointestinal tract)
Danio rerio
Used model organisms for colon cancer
E. coli
Used model organisms for cancer and werner disease
S. Cerevisiae
Used model organisms for disorder of nervous system,cancer
Drosophila melanogaster
Used model organisms for diabetes
C. elegans
Used model organisms for cardiovascular disease
D. rerio
Used model organisms for Lesch-Nyhan disease, cystic fibrosis,
fragile-X syndrome, and many other diseases
Mus musculus
