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Cyto > Cell and Cell cycle > Flashcards

Cell and Cell cycle Flashcards

1
Q

-functional unit of living organisms
-An organism can be unicellular or multicellular

A

Cell

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2
Q

the process by which cells assume specialized structure and function

A

Differentiation

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3
Q

other name for Plasma membrane

A

Plasmalemma

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4
Q
  • Function: Dynamic interface with the external environment
  • For transfer of nutrient and metabolites
  • Attachment of the cell to adjacent cells and extracellular matrix
  • Communication with the external environment
A

Plasma membrane

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5
Q

hydrophilic (water loving), head, glycerol conjugated to a nitrogenous compound

A

Polar

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6
Q

hydrophobic (water hating), tail, two-long chain fatty acids

A

Non Polar

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7
Q
  • Largest organelles in the cell
  • Control center of the cell, containing
    the “blueprint”
  • Composition:
    DNA (20% of its mass)
    Protein (nucleoprotein) Some Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
    Nuclear RNA includes mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA
A

Nucleus

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8
Q
  • Heterogenous structures with electron- dense and electron-lucent (light) areas
A

Nuclei

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9
Q

electron-lucent nuclear material that is active in RNA synthesis

A

Euchromatin

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10
Q

dense areas (tightly- coiled inactive chromatin)

A

Heterochromatin

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11
Q
  • Sites of ribosomal RNA synthesis and ribosome assembly
  • Ribosomal RNA and proteins, synthesized in the cytoplasm and imported back into the nucleus, are assembled into subunits
  • The subunits then passed backed to the cytoplasm to aggregate the complete ribosomes.
A

Nucleolus

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12
Q

Cytoplasmic organelles are suspended in fluid medium called

A

Cytosol

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13
Q

provides structural support for the cells and its organelles, as well as providing mechanism for transfer of materials within the cell and movement of the cell itself.

A

Cytoskeleton

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14
Q

-made up of many linked monomers of a protein called actin, combined in a structure that resembles a double helix.
❑also known as actin filaments.
❑come together to form linear, rod-like bundles, but they can also form branching networks with the assistance of proteins that anchor new side branches.
❑Actin is a key part of the cytoskeleton and is found in virtually all types of eukaryotic cells.

A

Microfilaments

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15
Q

Movement of a motor protein called

A

Myosin

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16
Q

❑ One familiar protein that forms intermediate filaments is keratin, a fibrous protein found in hair, nails, and skin
❑A type of cytoskeletal element made of multiple strands of fibrous proteins wound together.

A

Intermediate filaments

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17
Q

❑the largest of the three types of cytoskeletal fibers - diameter of about 25 nm.
❑made up of tubulin proteins arranged to form a hollow, straw-like tube, and each tubulin protein consists of two subunits, α- tubulin and β-tubulin.

A

Microtubules

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18
Q

❑A structure found near the nucleus of animal cells, serves as a microtubule-organizing center.

A

Centrosomes

19
Q
  • They play a vital role in facilitating the reproduction of cells.
  • They engage in the arrangement of mitotic spindles during cell division.
  • It aids in cytokinesis.
  • It organises the microtubules in the cytoplasm.
  • They regulate the position of the nucleus and other organelles in the cell
A

Centrioles

20
Q

long, hair-like structures that extend outward from the plasma membrane and are used to move an entire cell

A

Flagella

21
Q

resemble flagella, but are shorter and can generally be divided into two different categories

A

Cilia

22
Q

plays an important role in the modification of proteins and synthesis of lipids.

A

ER

23
Q

Sacs that is in ER

A

Cisternae

24
Q

❑It produces lipids, including phospholipids, cholesterol and steroids, and glycolipids (lipids with carbohydrate groups attached).
❑Enzymes that assemble these lipids manufacture their products on the smooth ER’s membrane, where hydrophobic molecules can be sheltered from the surrounding watery (hydrophilic) environment.
❑Detoxification: substances like drugs and toxic byproducts of metabolism are modified by enzymes that reside in the smooth ER, making them more water-soluble and easier for the body to remove.
❑storage tank for calcium ions, which function in cell signalling.

A

Smooth ER

25
Q

-synthesize new phospholipids for cell membranes.
-Found near the nucleus and typically forms large, flat sheets.

A

Rough ER

26
Q

Organelle where process of making ATP take place

A

Mitochondria

27
Q

an outer one, surrounding the entire organelle, and an inner one, with many invaginations (inward protrusions) called

A

Cristae

28
Q
  • made up of a series of flattened stacked pouches called cisternae. It is located in the cytoplasm next to the endoplasmic reticulum and near the cell nucleus.
  • responsible for transporting, modifying, and packaging proteins and lipids into vesicles for delivery to targeted destinations.
A

GA

29
Q
  • is a membrane-bound cell organelle that contains digestive enzymes.
  • are involved with various cell processes. They break down excess or worn-out cell parts. They may be used to destroy invading viruses and bacteria
    ** to remove waste as well as destroying a cell after it has died, called autolysis.
A

Lysosome

30
Q

minute cytoplasmic organelles composed of two subunits which consist of a strand of RNA (ribosomal RNA, rRNA) with associated ribosomal proteins.
* Align mRNA strands so that transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules may be brought into position and their amino acids added sequentially to the growing peptide chain.

A

Ribosomes

31
Q

organelles found in plants and photosynthetic algae (protists), and their job is to carry out photosynthesis.

A

Chloroplast

32
Q

Division of somatic cells

A

Mitosis

33
Q

division that occurs only on gametic cells

A

Meiosis

34
Q

Only human internal organ capable of natural regeneration of lost tissue

A

Liver

35
Q
  • Series of events that takes place in a cell leading to its division and duplication (replication)
  • Last about 17-18 hours
A

Cell Cycle

36
Q
  • Longest 9 hours
  • Chromosomes exist as single
    chromatids
  • Cells are metabolically active
  • Protein synthesis takes place
A

Gap 1

37
Q

A cell might be permanently arrested at this stage if it does not undergo further division.

A

Gap 0

38
Q

Protein Synthesis
TRANSCRIPTION site:

A

Nucleus

39
Q

DNA is copied in a complimentary piece of messenger RNA (mRNA)

A

Protein Synthesis: Transcriptiom

40
Q

Translation site:

A

Ribosomes

41
Q

a chain of amino acid is synthesized by using the newly transcribed mRNA molecule as a template with the help of third ribonucleic acid, transfer RNA

A

Translation

42
Q
  • Last about 5 hours
  • This is when the DNA synthesis
    occurs
  • DNA replicates itself and the chromosome then consist of two identical sister chromatids
A

Synthesis

43
Q
  • Last about 3 hours
  • During this phase, the cell prepares to undergo cell division.
  • The completion of G2 represents the end of interphase
A

Gap 2

44
Q
  • The Final Step in the cell cycle
  • Last only 1-2 hours
  • Process by which cells reproduce themselves, creating two daughter cells that are genetically identical to one another and to the original parent cel
A

Mitosis

Cyto (6 decks)

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