Intro to Cyto Flashcards
branch of science that deals with the study of cells in terms of structure, function and chemistry
Cytology
study of inherited traits and their variation
Genetics
units of heredity which the transmission of inherited traits
Genes
whole of genetic information of an organism
Genome
contain all the genetic information necessary to create a living being
Chromosome
unobserbable characteristics
Genotype
units of heredity which is the transmission of inherited traits, segments of chromosome which contain particular genetic information
Genes
contain the entire “blueprint” for all human life.
Chromosomes
Genes in Human Genome
35000
- are dense bodies found in the nucleus of cells
- They contain all the genetic information necessary to create a living being.
- Discovered by Karl Wilhelm von Nageli on 1842 using plants
- Walther Flemming described chromosomes using salamander
Chromosome
- organized but these cell size and arranged in pairs.
- full complement chromosomes arranged from the largest to smallest
Karyotype
Chromosomes in human cells
46 chromosomes: 22 autosomal pairs 2 sex chromosomes
2X
Female
XY
Male
___ is composed of DNA; ____ made of DNA
Genes, Chromosomes
heritable factor that controls a specific
characteristic
Gene
alternative forms of gene
Alleles
2 types of Cells
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
- Simpler, smaller than a eukaryotic cell, lacking of nucleus and most of the other organelles of eukaryotes.
- Nuclear material consist of a single chromosome which is in direct contact with cytoplasm
- Nucleoid- the undefined nuclear region, where the DNA is condensed in the cytoplasm.
Prokaryotic
Cell that 1000 times greater in volume
Eukaryotic cells
membrane delineated compartment that houses the eukaryotic cells DNA
Nucleus
What makes eukaryotic cells a true cell
Nucleus
- study of chromosomes
- study of normal and abnormal and
investigation of the causes of chromosomal abnormalities
Cytogenetics
refers to the study of the laws of hereditary transmission in living organisms. It began with Mendel’s study of inheritance in garden peas.
Classical Genetics
study of genes in populations of animals, plants, and microbes provides information on past migrations, evolutionary relationships and extents of mixing among different varieties and species, and methods of adaptation to the environment.
Population Genetics
branch of genetics that studies the structure of the DNA within the cell nucleus. It studies the number and morphology of the chromosomes.
Cytogenetics
study of the molecular structure of DNA, its cellular activities (including its replication), and its influence in determining the overall makeup of an organism.
Molecular genetics
proposed that “humors” served as bearers of traits.
Aristotle
proposed the theory of epigenesis, which states that an organism develops from the fertilized egg by a succession of developmental events that eventually transform the egg into an adult.
William Harvey
proposed the cell theory, stating that all organisms are composed of basic structural units called cells, which are derived from preexisting cells.
Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann
published On the Origin of Species, describing his ideas about evolution. thinking led him to formulate the theory of natural selection, which presented an explanation of the mechanism of evolutionary change.
Charles Darwin
-History of genetics is generally held to have started with the work of an Augustinian friar,
- known as the Father of Genetics.
- his work on pea plants described what came to known as the Mendelian Inheritance.
Gregor Mendel
Charles Darwin formulated
Natural Selection
Theory that individuals with heritable traits that allow them to adapt to their environment are better able to survive and reproduce than those with less adaptive traits.
Natural selection
Heredity is dependent on the genes contained in the structures called chromosomes. The chromosomes were contributed to the individual by the gametes.
Chromosomes theory of Inheritance
Chromosomes behave differently during the two forms of cell division
Mitosis and Meiosis
Stage where chromosomes copied and distributed to each daughter cell. Both cells obtain a diploid set of chromosomes.
Mitosis
Stage where cells receive only one chromosome from each chromosome pair, and the resulting number of chromosome is called the haploid number (n).
Meiosis
coined the word “genetics” for the first time and that made genetics as a formal branch of biology. I
William Bateson
Excellent subject for genetic studies
Fruit flies
study of the agents that pass information from generation to generation.
Molecular Genetics
Developed PCR
Fred Sanger
First ever cloned Animal
Dolly the sheep
organism in which any pair of members can breed together. This implies that all members belong to the same species and live near each other.
Population
change in relative frequency in which a gene variant (allele) occurs in a population due to random sampling and chance.
Genetic Drift
Process by which heritable traits that make it more likely for an organism to survive and successfully reproduce become more common in a population over successive generations.
Natural Selection
four main evolutionary processes Of population genetics
Natura Selection, mutation, Genetic Drift, gene flow
Changes in the DNA sequence of a cell’s genome maybe caused by radiation, viruses, transposons, and mutagenic chemicals, as well as errors that occur during meiosis or DNA replication.
Mutation
exchange of genes between populations which are usually of the same species.
Gene flow
examination of chromosomes and their abnormalities.
Cytogenetics testing
Clinical testing for a biochemical disease utilizes techniques that examine the protein instead of the gene. Many biochemical genetic diseases are known as ‘inborn errors of metabolism’ since they are present at birth and disrupt a key metabolic pathway.
Biochemical Testing
Direct DNA analysis is possible only when the gene sequence of interest is known. For small DNA mutations, direct DNA testing may be the most effective methodology, particularly if the function of the protein is not known and a biochemical test cannot be developed.
Molecular testing
❖can offer form evidence that a disease transmitted from parent to child is linked to one or more genes.
❖Provides clues about the chromosome contains the gene and precisely where it lies on that chromosome
❖Have been used successfully to find the single gene responsible rare inherited disorders.
Genetic mapping
The cloned DNA fragments can be isolated from the bacterial host cells.
Recombinant DNA technology
The use of recombinant DNA technology and other molecular techniques to make products
Biotechnology
study of genome. It studies the structure, function, and evolution of genes and genomes
Genomics
identifies the et of proteins present in a cell under a given set of conditions, and studies their functions and interactions
Proteomics
subfield of information technology used to store, retrieve and analyze the massive amount of data generated by genomics and proteomics
Bioinformatics
