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MOD8 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

Process in which organisms maintain relatively stable internal environment, regardless of external changes in environment

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2
Q

What are the 2 stages of homeostasis?

A

1- detect the change
2- counteract the change from stable state

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3
Q

What systems are involved in maintaining homeostasis?

A

Endocrine system
Nervous system

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4
Q

How does the body detect change?

A

Receptos (interceptors)

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5
Q

What is the control centre?

A

This is the region that maintains homeostasis by receiving messages from receptors and sending response to effectors

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6
Q

What Are effectors?

A

Muscles, organ or glands

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6
Q

What is the flowchart of the negative feedback?

A

Stimulus —->
receptor —(via nerves/hormones)—> control centre—via (nerves/hormones)—-> effector
——–> response (back to receptor, negatieve feedback)

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7
Q

What are the 2 parts of the nervous system?

A

PNS- peripheral nervous (nerves that connect the brain and spinal cord)
CNS- central nervous (brain and spinal cord)

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8
Q

What is the negative flow chart of Increased temperature?

A

1.Stimulus (Increase temp)
2.Receptors(thermoreceptors in skin and in hypothalamus detects change)
3. Control centre- hypothalamus receives info and determines a response (travels vis the nerves
4.Effector -sweatgland, thyroid gland, BV
5. Sweat glands, vasodilation(bring blood to the skin and let heat to be removed), Thyroid gland to lower the rate of metabolism by reducing the amount of hormone thyroxine (this generates less heat

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8
Q

What is the negative flow chart of Decreased Temperature?

A

1.Stimulus- decrease in temp
2.Receptors(thermoreceptors in skin and in hypothalamus detects change)
3.Control centre- hypothalamus receives info and determines a response (travels vis the nerves
4.Effector -Muscles, BV, hair(erection cells), Thyroid gland
5.muscles - shiver
vasoconstriction(removes blood from skin and conserves heat),
Increase in TSH from pituitary gland to Thyroid gland to Increase the rate of metabolism by increasing the amount of hormone thyroxine (this generates heat)

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9
Q

What are thermoreceptors?

A

They detect change in temperature

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10
Q

What is hypothermia and hyperthermia,and symptoms?

A

Hypothermia: Decrease in temp- pale skin, loss of memory
hyperthermia:Increase in temp- dehydration, nausea

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11
Q

What is the optimal temp the internal body should be at?

A

37 degrees

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12
Q

What are the 2 pancreatic endocrine hormones?

A

Insulin and Glucagon

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13
Q

What is Glycogen?

A

Is made up of many glucose monomers, stored in liver cells

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14
Q

What is the negative flow chart of Decrease Glucose?

A

1.Stimulus- exercise
2. Receptors- the Alpha cells detect that there is a decrease in glucose (pancreas)
3.Control centre, the pancreas receives the info and determines a response
4. Effector Islet cells
5. There is increase in glucagon to break down stored glycogen in liver into glucose released into the BV
-Insulin decrease

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15
Q

What is ADH?

A

The hypothalamus (control centre) tells pituitary gland , then ADH Released by pituitary(effector) glandsIt controls water absorption in the nephrons in the kidney

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15
Q

What is the negative flow chart of increased Glucose?

A
  1. Stimulus (eating)
  2. Receptors- Beta cells detect that blood glucose levels are high
    3..Control centre, the pancreas receives the info and determines a response
  3. Effector Islet cells
  4. There is a increase insulin- as it allows glucose to be stored into glycogen
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16
Q

What is hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia,and symptoms?

A

Hypoglycemia: decrease in BGL- hunger, fatigue
Hyperglycemia: increase in BGL-dry mouth, tingling in feet

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17
Q

What does insulin do?

A

Peptide hormones released by beta cells to that help to decrease BGL,
-By converting glucose into glycogen
-By converting glucose into fatty acid (filled with glycogen), to store glucose as fat
-Change the membrane of fat cells, to take the uptake of glucose
-Change the membrane of fat/muscle cells, to take the uptake of glucose

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18
Q

What is dehydration and overhydration,and symptoms?

A

Dehydration:decrease in osmoregulation- conc. Urine, thirsty
overhydration:increase in osmoregulation-dilute urine, confusion of mental state

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18
Q

What is the negative flow chart of decreased Osmoregulation(dehydration)?

A

1.stimulus- low water conc.
2. Receptors- osmoreceptors in hypothalamus, detect change in water levels
3.hypothalamus receives info and sends to pituitary gland
4. pituitary gland, releases more ADH which target the nephrons
5. Which then increases the permeability of distal tubal and connecting ducts, which allows more water to be reabsorbed into the Blood
Increases H2O absorption, conc. Urine

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19
Q

What is the negative flow chart of increased Osmoregulation(hydraton)?

A

1.stimulus- High water conc
2.Receptors- osmoreceptors in hypothalamus, detect change in water levels
3.hypothalamus receives info and sends to pituitary gland
4.pituitary gland, releases less ADH which target the nephrons
5. Which then decreases the permeability of distal tubal and connecting ducts, which allows less water to be reabsorbed into the Blood
Decrease H2O absorption, dilute urine

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20
Q

What are interceptors?

A

Receptors within the body

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21
Q

What are the 3 types of interceptors?

A

-thermoreceptors
-chemoreceptors
-Osmoreceptors

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22
Q

What is the function of the cell body?

A

Contain nucleus

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23
Q

What is the function of dendrites?

A

Receives the message from nerve impulse and send to the cell body

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24
Q

What is the function of Axons?

A

Sends messages from cell bod towards terminal

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25
Q

What is the function of myelin sheath?

A

Fatty tissue which allows impulse to travel in one direction

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26
Q

What Are the 3 types of neurons?

A

-sensory neurons; from receptor to the CNS
- motor neurons: from the CNS to effector
-Interneurons- link between sensor and motor neutrons

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27
Q

What is the synapse?

A

Gap between a dendrite and the axon terminal

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28
Q

What is released into the synapse?

A

Neurotransmitter

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28
Q

What are the similarities of the endocrine and nervous system?

A

Both Ensure that the body remains at homeostasis
Both react to stimuli

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29
Q

What is the difference between the endocrine and nervous system?

A

-Endocrine
Slow, long lasting
Brain, spinal cord and nerves
Neurotransmitters via the nerves

-Nervous
Quick, short lived
Blood, glands
Hormones via the circulatory system

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30
Q

What are endotherms?

A

is an organism that maintains its body at a metabolically favourable temperature, despite changes in the environment.

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31
Q

What is adaption?

A

Is a characteristic organisms have to increase survival rate

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31
Q

What are the 3 types of adaptations that endotherms have?

A

Behavioural
Structural
Physiological

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32
Q

What is behavioural adaptation?

A

The way the organism acts

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33
Q

What is physiological adaptation?

A

How an organism functions

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33
Q

What is structural adaptation?

A

Physical characteristics of an organism

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34
Q

What is ambient temperature?

A

Refers to the external temperature

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35
Q

What is some behavioural adaptation when temp increases, in endotherms?

A

-Position away from direct sunlight- to reduce exposure
-Nocturnal activity- inactive during day and active during night
-Migration- moving to another habitat, assist in thermoregulation

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36
Q

What is some behavioural adaptation when temp decreases, in endotherms?

A

-Position towards the sunlight- increase exposure
-Huddle together
-Curls into balls
-Migration

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37
Q

What is some structural adaptation when temp increases, in endotherms?

A

-Pilorelaxation, hairs flatten to reduce the amount of air trapped between skin and hair
-Large SA:V ratio —> smaller animals, allows them to loss heat more easily

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38
Q

What is some structural adaptation when temp decreases, in endotherms?

A

-piloerection increases the loft of the coat, traps layer of air next to the skin decreases the amount of heat lost
-smaller SA:V ratio—> larger organism, less heat lost and more conserved
-Blubber, is fat in aquatic mammals for insulation of the cold water te

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39
Q

What is some Psychological adaptation when temp increases, in endotherms?

A

Decrease in metabolic activity
Vasodilation, to bring the blood to the skin to remove heat

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40
Q

What is some Psychological adaptation when temp decreases, in endotherms?

A

Increase metabolic activity
Shivering
Hibernation
vasoconstriction

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41
Q

What is the main form of water loss in plants?

A

Transpiration

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42
Q

What are Xerophytes?

A

Plants that live in arid(hot) conditions

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43
Q

What Are some adaptations of plants from the heat?

A

-Thick, waxy cuticle
-reduced stomata size
- leaves have fine hairs- to reduce diffusion
-stomata open at night and closes during day
-deep roots

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44
Q

What is the importance of water in living things?

A

-Medium In which vitamins and minerals are transported through the body
-Habitat for aquatic animals
-Reactant for photosynthesis

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45
Q

What are non-infectious diseases?

A

Not contagious, influenced by genetic and environment

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46
Q

What are genetic diseases?

A

They are caused by mutation,of a abnormal protein as it may not undergo it function

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47
Q

What does cystic fibrosis mutate?

A

The CFTR gene on chromosome 7

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48
Q

What is cystic fibrosis?

A

It’s a non-infectious, single gene mutation(change in a single nucleotide), inherited by 2 recessive alleles.

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49
Q

What does the CFTR gene do?

A

Regulated the movement of sodium chloride in and out of cell

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50
Q

What systems does cystic fibrosis affect?

A

The digestive and respiratory and reproductive system

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51
Q

What Are the Symptoms of Cystic fibrosis?

A

-liver failure, excess salt in sweat

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52
Q

What is the treatment of cystic fibrosis?

A

antibiotics-> treat infection in chest
Vibrating chest→ to loosen the mucus
Anti Flamotory to lessen the inflammation

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53
Q

What is Down syndrome?

A

Chromosomal mutation, caused by an additional 21st chromosome,so there are 3 copies of chromosome 21 in each cell

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54
Q

What are the effects of down syndrome on individuals?

A

Intellectual disability
Short
Flat face

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55
Q

What is sickle cell anaemia?

A

The change of the 17th base where A changes to T, making a val to be produced instead of Glu, which changes the structure of the haemoglobin from round to sickle shape.

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56
Q

Symptoms of sickle cell anaemia?

A

Hard to breath
Swelling

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57
Q

What is Atherosclerosis?

A

Lifestyle diseases, a type of cardiovascular disease, happens due to arteries hardening, due to lifestyle choices, like alcohol, smoking and unbalanced diet

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58
Q

What is plaque?

A

A hard substance, formed on the artery wall

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58
Q

How do lifestyle choices cause Heart attack?

A

1-Poor lifestyle choices, smoking, alcohol
2-Build up of lipids inner wall of the coronary arteries
3-Over time elasticity reduces and turns rough
4-Increase in hypertension (Blood pressure)
5-Plaque forms
6-Reduce arteries elasticity and more hypertension
7-Blockage in coronary arteries
8-Lack of blood reaching cardiac muscle
9-Heart attack

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59
Q

How is Skin cancer formed?

A

UV light, nuclear radiation, causes changes in DNA of skin cells, may cause abnormal cell division

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60
Q

What diseases can asbestos cause?

A

Asbestosis is scarring in the lung tissue

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61
Q

How can asbestosis be caused?

A

When inhaling asbestos fibres, cause an inflammatory response, which can lead to scarring in lung tissues,

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62
Q

Symptoms of asbestosis?

A

-make breathing harder and reduces the amount of oxygen take
-Fatigue

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63
Q

What can cause lead?

A

Lead poisoning, as the lead can accumulate in the body, but can’t be easily extracted

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64
Q

What is heavy metal?

A

Lead

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65
Q

What are the symptoms lead ?

A

Acute positioning, chronic position and children behaviour

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66
Q

What is scurvy?

A

It is a nutritional disease, caused by the insufficient vitamin C,

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67
Q

What are the symptoms of scurvy?

A

poor wound healing,
joint pain

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68
Q

What is cancer?

A

It is non infectious disease, occurs when abnormal cell divides in an uncontrolled way

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69
Q

What are the2 types of tumors?

A

Benign tumors- not classified as cancer, does not spread to other body tissues
Malignant tumors- cancerous cells, spread to other body tissues

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70
Q

What is the difference between primary and secondary tumors?

A

Primary is when it first forms, and secondary is when it spreads from primary tumor

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71
Q

What is metastasise?

A

Spread from different parts of body

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72
Q

What happens when mutation occurs in DNA repair genes?

A

Then DNA will not be repaired and damaged DNA will be replicated

72
Q

What Are the 3 types of proper cell division?

A

DNA repair genes- where proteins remove damaged regions of DNA and replace with the correct sequence
Proto-Oncogene- help cells grow and divide to make new cells
Tumor suppressor genes - slows down to stop cell growth and mitosis, induces cell death when there is uncontrolled increase in cell number

73
Q

What Are mutagens that cause cancer are known as?

A

Carcinogens

74
Q

What happens when mutation occurs in Proto-Oncogene?

A

This leads to uncontrolled production of cells, may lead to cancer

75
Q

What happens when mutation occurs in Tumor suppressor genes?

A

This leads to uncontrolled production of cells, may lead to cancer

76
Q

What causes cancers?

A

Smoking
Alcohol
Exposure to UV
Inheriting mutated genes

77
Q

What is the BRCA1 gene?

A

It is a tumor suppressor gene, found on chromosome 17, it repairs the PTEN gene

78
Q

What is the PTEN gene?

A

Encourages cell death, and regulates the cell cycle

79
Q

What happens normally with the BRCA1 gene?

A

1-if PETN genes is DAMAGED
2-BRCA1 gene repairs the PETN gene
3-Cell division is controlled

80
Q

What happens when the BRCA1 gene is mutated ?

A

1-PETN gene is DAMAGED
2- BRCA1 gene doesn’t make proteins that repairs the PTEN gene
3-PETN remains damaged
4- Cell division and cell cycle is not controlled
5- may lead to tumor

81
Q

What is melanoma?

A

Skin cells divide uncontrollably due to change in the DNA of the genes, due to UV radiation, and forms a thymine dimer.

82
Q

What if the thymine dimer is not corrected?

A

It can be replicated and passed into daughter cell and making them cancerous, then these cancerous cells can spread into surrounding tissues and travel to other site via the blood

83
Q

What is a thymine dimer?

A

This is where the UV breaks the bond between adjacent the A-T or C-G, then the 2 Thymine will form a bond amongst themselves

84
Q

How to treat cancer?

A

Chemotherapy- using drugs to destroy or slow down growth of cancer cells
Radiotherapy- using high energy to destroy cancer
Immunotherapy-cancer drug focusing on using the body’s immune system to attack cancer.

85
Q

What is the incidence?

A

New cases

86
Q

What is prevalence?

A

No. of people diagnosed with cases

87
Q

What is mortality?

A

No. of deaths at a certain time

88
Q

What is the purpose of epidemiology?

A

-Pattern and cause of diseases
-control measures

89
Q

What are some feature of an epidemiological study?(7)

A

1-Patterns and trends(cause and effect)
2-chronological order, of events
3-large range of subjects—> different ages, sex, race, occupation, geographical distribution
4- large size
5- control group who are not exposed to potential case of disease
6-repeated by others
7- identify the possible cause of the disease, andy risk factors and develop a management plan.

89
Q

What are some things that make epidemiological studies valid?(5)

A

-large sample size
-long period of time
-repeated
-Trends and patterns (cause and effect)
-control group and it is not exposed to potential disease

90
Q

What are epidemiological study used for?

A

Are used to study diseases that affect large number of people in a population

91
Q

What are the 3 types of epidemiological studies?

A

Descriptive
analytical
Experimental

92
Q

What is cohort studies?

A

Studying 2 or more similar groups of people, who are free from the disease, and then one group is exposed to a potential cause and other one is not, then they are followed after a periods of time and the incidence is recorded

92
Q

What are 3 ways of collecting data?

A

1)case- control studies
2)cohort studies
3)randomised control trials

93
Q

What are case- control studies?

A

Comparing people with the disease to people without the disease look of differences in exposure to a possible cause

94
Q

What are the benefits of descriptive epidemiological studies?

A

How many people have the disease

95
Q

What are randomised control trials?

A

Subjects are randomly assigned to one of two groups, one group that latkes preventative measure/ treatment while the other doesn’t

96
Q

What are the benefits of analytical epidemiological studies?

A

The potential cause and effect

97
Q

What are the benefits of experimental epidemiological studies?

A

how many people have the disease
cause andeffect
preventative and control measures

98
Q

Where can epidemiological studies be used?(4)

A

-Governmental public health campaigns
-Control the disease
-Allows scientists to better understand the disease
-Evaluate the effectiveness of strategies

99
Q

What is genetic engineering?

A

Ability to manipulate genes and has enabled us to devise several ways to prevent non infectious diseases.

100
Q

What is prevention?

A

Action taken to decrease the chances of getting a diseases.

101
Q

key components of a successful public health campaign?(3)

A

Evidence base,
Political commitment
Funding

102
Q

What is PGT?

A

Pre implantation genetic testing

103
Q

What is the ear?

A

Communication pathway between the external environment and the body.

104
Q

What are the 3 parts of the ear?

A

Outer ear- consists of the pinna and the ear canal
Middle ear-contains the eardrum and the 3 ossicle bones
Inner ear- consist of the cochlea and the organ of corti

105
Q

What is the organ of corti?

A

The fluid found in the cochlea

106
Q

What are the 3 Auditory ossicles?

A

Mallecus
Incus
Stapes

107
Q

What are the steps of the ear?

A

1-pinna
2- External acoustic meatus (ear canal)
3-Tympanic membrane (eardrum)
4- Mallecus
5- Incus
6- Stapes
7- Oval window
8- Cochlea
9- Auditory nerve

108
Q

What is the structure of the External acoustic meatus (ear canal)?

A

⅓ is surrounded by cartilage
⅔ is surrounded by bone

108
Q

What is the pinna?

A

Visible outer part of the ear

109
Q

What is the function of the External acoustic meatus (ear canal)?

A

Tube that connects the pinna to the eardrum, to allow sound waves to pass through

110
Q

What is the structure and function of the Tympanic membrane (eardrum)?

A

Thin piece of tissue which receives sound vibration and carries it to the ossicles

111
Q

What is the function of the Oval window?

A

Where the stapes hit the oval window and sound travels through the cochlea and relieves the pressure from the sound waves in the cochlea

112
Q

What is the function of the eustachian tube?

A

Equalise pressure by draining fluid to the nasal cavity

113
Q

What is the function of the vestibule?

A

Balance

114
Q

Where is the vestibule located?

A

Behind the cochlea and in front of the three semicircular canals.

115
Q

What is the purpose of the Cochlea?

A

It converts vibrations into electrical signals

116
Q

What are the functions of the 3 semicircular canals?

A

Aids in balance

117
Q

What is the function of the auditory nerve?

A

Sends the nerve signal to the brain stem

118
Q

Where does high pitch sound be detected?

A

Closets to the oval window

118
Q

Where does low pitch sound be detected?

A

At the end of the cochlea

119
Q

What is conductive hearing loss?

A

Caused by a problem with the mechanical conduction of vibrations through the outer and middle ear.

119
Q

What are the 2 types of hearing loss?

A

Conductive
Sensorineural

120
Q

How can conductive hearing loss happen?

A

Infection in outer and middle ear
Damage of ossicle due to trauma

121
Q

What is Sensorineural hearing loss?

A

Caused by the damage to inner ear including parts of the cochlea and the auditory nerve

122
Q

How can Sensorineural hearing loss happen?

A

-excessive noise exposure
-Tumours
-Birth defects

123
Q

What are hearing aids?

A

Is an electronic battery operated device that amplifies and changes sound to allow for improved communication, can be used on people with Conductive and Sensorineural hearing loss

124
Q

How do hearing aids work?

A

1.The microphones in the hearing aid picks up the sound and send it to the amplifier where it make it louder
2. The electrical is then converted into sound energy by the receiver
3. The the speaker directs the sound into the ear canal

125
Q

Adv of healing aid?(2)

A

-cheap
-easy to install

126
Q

Disadvantages of hearing aids?

A

The amplify all sound, including background sounds

127
Q

What are cochlear implants?

A

Is an electronic device that replaces the function of damaged inner ear, used by people who are profoundly deaf.

128
Q

How does the cochlear implant work?

A

Converts sound into electrical signals which directly stimulates the auditory nerve

129
Q

Advantages of cochlear implant?

A

Provide hearing to profound deaf people

130
Q

What are the receptors of the eye called?

A

Photoreceptors

130
Q

What are the steps of the eye?

A

1.light passes through the cornea
2. Pass through the aqueous humour
3.passes through the pupil (pupil is controlled by the iris with the help of ciliary muscle)
4.passes through the eye lens where it refracts the light
5.And then passes through the vitreous humour
6. Hits the retina, where the cons and rod are located
7. Then the signal is converted into electrical as it travels from the optical never to the brain to be processed

131
Q

What is the cornea and function?

A

Transparent to allow light to enter, and it protects the eye from foreign particles

132
Q

What is and what does the iris do?

A

Coloured part of the eye, it is a muscle which controls the amount of alight entering the pupil

133
Q

What is the macula?

A

It is a dip in the retina which is fill with a dense region of cones allows us to see things with great detail

134
Q

What is the fluid inside the eye and purpose?

A

Vitreous humour, it helps give structure to the eye

135
Q

What is the function of the optical nerve?

A

Receive nerve impulse from photoreceptors and sends to the brain

136
Q

What is the function of the ciliary muscle?

A

Contracts and pulls the eye lens to elongate the lens

137
Q

What is the function of the sensory ligament?

A

Controls lens to focus on close or distant objects

137
Q

What happens when the sensory ligament is taut?

A

The shape of the lens elongates for distant vision

138
Q

What is the function of the ciliary muscle?

A

ciliary liaagmnet is taut the suspensory liagament relaxes and the eye becomes more round

138
Q

What happens when the sensory ligament is relaxed?

A

The shape of the lens becomes round for a near vision

139
Q

What type of lens is the eye lens?

A

Convex lens

140
Q

What is the fovea?

A

The space in the macula dip

141
Q

What are the 2 layers in the retina?

A

Highly pigmented region- darker region to allow ore light to be absorbed
Neutral layer- contains a lot of photoreceptors like rod and cones, which convert the light to nerve impulse

141
Q

What do rods detect?

A

Black and white

141
Q

What do cones detect?

A

Colour

141
Q

What are the 3 layers of the eye?

A

sclera
Choroid
Retina

142
Q

What are some visual disorders?

A

Long and short sightedness
Cataract

143
Q

What is myopia?

A

Short sightedness

144
Q

What does it mean to be Short sightedness?

A

They are able to see near objects clearly but far objects not so clearly

144
Q

How does myopia happen?

A

When the eyeball is to elongated, the focal length is too short as the focused image is is in front of the retina

145
Q

What is hyperopia?

A

Long sightedness

146
Q

What does it mean to be long sighted?

A

Can focus on distant objects clearly but when a close object is not so clear

147
Q

How does hyperopia happen?

A

When the eyeball is too round, The focal length is too long causes the focused image to be behind the retina

148
Q

What are cataracts?

A

Is the clouding of the lens, which reduces the transmission of light entering the lens.

149
Q

What are 3 technologies of the eyes?

A

Spectacles
Laser surgery
Cataract surgery

150
Q

What are spectacles?

A

They are frames that hold corrective lenses made of clear hard plastic, and the shape of the lens is used to correct the visual disorder.

151
Q

Why is this type of lens used for myopia?

A

Concave lens, as it is able to bend the light away before it enters the lens

152
Q

Why is this type of lens used for hyperopia?

A

Convex lens converge the light before enters the eye

153
Q

What is the laser used in laser eye surgery?

A

Used to change the curvature of the cornea, so light is able to be bent correctly,

154
Q

What Are the Steps of Laser Eye surgery?

A

1-eye drops are given to patient to numb
2- a thin sit is used to cut the cornea on a flap
3- laser is then used to correct the curvature of the cornea
4- the cornea is reattached

155
Q

Limitation of laser eye surgery?

A

Dryness of eye
Cornea may open

156
Q

What is cataract surgery?

A

When the cloudy lens is removed from the lens capsule and artificially inserted lens.

156
Q

What are the steps of cataract surgery?

A

1- incision into eye is made
2-device which delivers high frequency sounds breaks up the cloudy lens
3- small lens particles are suctioned out
4- insert artificial lens capsule

157
Q

What Are The Symptoms of Cataract surgery?

A

Blurred vision
Glare sensitivity

158
Q

What Are some risk factors of cataract surgery?

A

A family history of eye conditions

159
Q

What is the artificial lens inserted to the lens called?

A

intraocular lens

160
Q

What is the function of the kidney?

A

Is to remove the wastes from the bloodstream and maintain optimal levels of substances such as water and salt, to maintain homeostasis

161
Q

What is glomerulus?

A

Dense region of capillaries, allows large molecules to stay in the BV and smaller filtrates to go to the bowman’s capsule.

161
Q

What is the function of the renal artery?

A

Delivers unfiltered blood to the kidney

162
Q

What are the steps of the nephron?

A

1-The unfiltered blood enters the afferent arteriole
2-the goes to the Glomerulus
3- then the bowman’s capsule
4- then the proximal convoluted tubule
5- then the descending loop of henle (where h2o is reabsorbed back into the BS)
6- then goes to the ascending loop of henle (where NaCl is reabsorbed back into the BS)
7-the goes to the distal convoluted tubule
8- then goes to the collecting ducts
9- urine is taken out from the ureter
10- to the bladder
11- then to the urethra

163
Q

What is filtered from the bowman’s capsule?(2)

A

Glucose
Amino acids
Water
Urea
Ions
NaCl

164
Q

How can loss of kidney function occur?(4)

A

Diabetes type 1 and 2- where the kidneys filter more blood which puts stress on kidney and then becomes damaged leading to protein leaks and blockage in nephrons
Hypertension- blood is pushed through the glomerulus and into the bowman’s capsule which cause permanent damage to the nephrons causes protein leaks which may cause blockage in the nephrons
Kidney infections- the use of the medication to treat the infection can reduce kidney function
Kidney stones/ tumours- cause the blockage of urine in the kidney, and the build up can lead to complete shutdown of the kidney

165
Q

What are the 2 technologies of impaired kidney?

A

Renal dialysis
Peritoneal dialysis

165
Q

How does renal dialysis happen?

A

1-Where the patient’s blood is pumped from an artery through the a system of tubes (spiral) which is semi permissible (allows to be reabsorbed)
2-the system of blood tubes are surround with dialysate solution, which is kept with a fresh supply of dialysis fluid and then pushed up in the opposite direction
3- then the substance needed by the body is reabsorbed back int the blood and then taken into the body via the vein.

166
Q

Why is the dialysate solution pushed up?

A

To maintain the concentration gradient to maximise diffusion

166
Q

Why is the blood in a spiral/coil shape?/

A

Increase SA:V ratio which increase the rate of diffusion

167
Q

What is a dialysate solution?

A

Has the same conc. As blood without any metabolic waste

168
Q

What is the limitation of renal dialysis?

A

Slower process
Limits the amount of wastes can be removed from the blood

168
Q

What is the difference between renal dialysis and kidney function?

A

Renal - active, slow, fairly efficient, dialysis membrane
Kidney- active and passive, fast , very efficient, nephron

169
Q

What is the benefit of renal dialysis?

A

-lifesaver for those people with damaged kidney

170
Q

What is peritoneal dialysis?

A

Involves using a catheter in the abdomen which removes toxins and then filling with clean dialysis solution and then it is drained again.

170
Q

Limitation of peritoneal dialysis?

A

Risk Of infection
Done every day
Must be trained

171
Q

When is peritoneal dialysis done?

A

Everyday

172
Q

advantages of peritoneal dialysis?

A

Can be performed individually
No needles

Biology (4 decks)

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