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mod 6 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is Mutation?

A

change in genetic material ⇒ due to environmental factors.

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2
Q

what is Mutagen?

A

something that causes mutation

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3
Q

what is Mutagenesis?

A

Process of mutation

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4
Q

What is a tumour?

A

Multiple cancer cells

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5
Q

What causes Mutations?
(3 of them)

A
  • UV radiation
  • Chemical exposure
  • Smoking/ Alcohol
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6
Q

How does Physical mutation?

A

From electromagnetic radiation, ionization radiation (harmful radiation, wavelength is small) it causes bonds to break in molecules in DNA.

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7
Q

How do pyrimidine dimers occur?

A

When there is a 2 T,T (Thymine) or 2 C,C (cytosine) next to each other, when UV radiation is present cause the A-T and A-T bonds to break, then the 2 T,T nucleotides make a bond among them (T-T) Thus making a pyrimidine dimers.

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8
Q

What a happens to the pyrimidine dimers when DNA replication occurs?

A

The section with the pyrimidine dimers is gone as there was no bond between A-T thus nothing in that section is replicated.

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9
Q

DNA repair of a pyrimidine dimers?
2 types

A

Base excision repair
- Your body recognises the pyrimidine dimers.
- Then your body cuts the primer
- Gap is then filled by DNA polymerase.
- Then it sealed with DNA Ligase
Mismatch repair
Your body finds the changed nucleotide and then corrects it

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10
Q

How does Chemical Mutation Occur and what does it do?

A

Alters the Functions of proteins,
Chemicals are similar to normal DNA so they mistakenly incorporated in DNA during DNA replication  results in non-functional proteins

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11
Q

What are the 3 types of Mutation?

A
  • Point mutation.
  • Chromosomal mutation
  • Frame shift Mutation.
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12
Q

What are chemical mutagens?
(3 examples)

A
  • Alcohol
  • Asbestos
  • Preservatives (food)
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13
Q

What are the effect of mutation of Phenotype?

A

No change (Silent Mutation) or small or very large change in phenotype due to the type of Amino acid being substituted.

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14
Q

What is the type of effect of mutation on DNA (genotype)? (3 of them)

A

Lead to change in change in one amino acid or no change in amino acid if new base forms a triplet that codes for the same Amino acid, this can be done through,
- Substituted
- Inserted
- Deleted

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15
Q

what are the 4 mutations in point mutation?

A

-Silent mutation- no effect on amino acid (same amino acid)
-Missense mutation- a new amino acid is changed (different amino acid)
-Nonsense Mutation -Changes the amino acid to a stop codon.
-Neutral mutation – neither beneficial nor detrimental to the ability of an organism’s survival.

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16
Q

What is the effect of mutation on generational mutation?

A

Mutations can be passed on through generations whether the mutation occurs in somatic cells of germ-line cells, if in stomatic cells then the mutation is not passes on but if mutation is in germ-line cells then it can be passed on through generation.

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17
Q

What is Frameshift Mutation?

A

It is caused buy by the addition and deletion of base pairs, resulting in the movement of the whole sequence of Amino acid forward or backwards.

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18
Q

What is point mutation?

A

change that occurs to a single base pair of DNA and affects only one single gene, This occurs due to base substitution or frame shift mutation

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19
Q

What is chromosomal mutation?

A

Permanent change to a segment of chromosomes, these are large scale changes.

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20
Q

Examples of Chromosomal Mutation?
(3 example)

A
  • Down Syndrome- Extra chromosome (46 47)
  • Turners Syndrome- Missing an X chromosome.
  • Polyploidy- One Parent contributes 22 autosomal chromosome and one gamete chromosome, but the other parent contributes 46 chromosomes.
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21
Q

What are the 4 types of chromosomal mutation can occur through?

A

-Deletion- when a section of DNA is removed.
-Insertion (Duplicated)- portion of DNA is duplicated increasing the Number of genes.
-Inversion- bases are in reverse order.
-Translocation- DNA is moved from one chromosome to a non-homologous chromosome.

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22
Q

What is the differences of point and chromosomal Mutation

A

Point Chromosomal
One gene is affected Clump of gene is affected (lager scale)

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23
Q

What is the similarities of point and chromosomal Mutation? (1)

A

Effect the phenotype and genotype

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24
Q

What happens if mutation occurs in somatic cells?

A

Somatic cells are body cells when mutation occur in these non-reproductive body cell the mutation will not be passed to offspring.

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25
Q

What happens if mutation occurs in germ-line cells?

A

They are sex cells which pass genomes to offspring, when mutation occurs in the germline cells the mutation will be passes to offspring

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26
Q

what part stomatic cell mutation occur?

A

They occur due to replication errors before mitosis

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27
Q

What is an example of a stomatic cell mutation?

A

Cancer

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28
Q

What does mutation causeto genetic variation?

A

Genetic variation as new alleles are being introduced to population.

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29
Q

wha do somatic and germ line mutations change ?

A

Causes changes to genome (DNA, gene and chromosomes)

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30
Q

Similarity of germ line and stomatic cells?

A

They both have genetic code.
Both come from a zygote

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31
Q

Differences of a germline and a somatic cell?

A

Germline cells Somatic cells
Pass info to offspring Doesn’t pass info to offspring

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32
Q

What is Coding DNA also known as?

A

Exons- coding genes that end up in mRNA

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33
Q

What is non-Coding DNA also known as?

A

Introns- noncoding genes that end up in mRNA.

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34
Q

What is the difference between coding and non-coding DNA?

A

Coding DNA is transcribed into mRNA, this is done to produce proteins,
noncoding DNA has no use in the process, does not provide instructions for making proteins

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35
Q

What happens in tumour suppressor genes?

A

Regulates cells during division.

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36
Q

What happens in non-coding DNA?

A

It regulates the promote (Switching on) and Shutting down (switch off) of genes

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37
Q

What happens when mutation occurs in coding DNA?

A

Affects the sequence of amino acid, modifies the. levels of the protein product, thus affecting the phenotype of an individual.

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38
Q

What happens if mutation. Occurs in tumour suppressor genes?

A

Cause cancers

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39
Q

What happens when mutation occurs in non-coding DNA?

A

It can turn a gene on at a wrong place causing a protein to be produced, this can. Cause development abnormalities

40
Q

What cell has more non coding DNA?

A

Prokaryotes have no noncoding DNA, while Eukaryote

41
Q

What is gene flow?

A

When new individuals enter a population, or existing individuals leave which many result in a change in allele frequency.

42
Q

What is Genetic drift?

A

Change in allele frequency dur to random chance.

43
Q

What is gene pool?

A

All the alleles of all the genes in a breeding population

44
Q

What is Selection pressure?

A

Natural selection decides that an organism with a favourable trait are more likely to survive and pass on that trait.

45
Q

What is biotechnology?

A

Is the use of biological matter to make new products that are useful to human.

46
Q

What fields use biotechnology? (3 of them)

A
  • Industrial
  • Agricultural
  • Medical
47
Q

What is hybrid vigour?

A

Cross breading different varieties of organisms resulting in a healthier offspring than inbreeding.

48
Q

What is agriculture?

A

It is the cultivation and breading of plants and animals to produce biofuel, food and tools fror human enhancement.

49
Q

What are GMOs?

A

Genetically modified organism,
DNA form more than one species and they are able to pass the new genome to the next generation.

50
Q

What does genetic engineering involve?

A

Manipulating the base patterns in DNA of an organism to alters it phenotype.

51
Q

What are transgenic species?

A

Organism which has been altered through recombinant DNA technology,

52
Q

What is the application of Industrial on biotechnology (Example)?

A

Bioremediation, its use of microorganism to reduce pollution through biological degradation of pollution into nontoxic substances to clean up, such as the use of enzymes in washing powders to remove stains.

53
Q

What is the aim of biotechnology on agriculture?

A

To improve plant and animal production yield and resistance to diseases.

54
Q

What are some agricultural biotechnology examples?(4 of thm)

A
  • Artificial insemination
  • Artificial pollination
  • IVF
  • Embryo transfer
55
Q

What is an example of Agricultural biotechnology?
(1 example)

A

Golden rice, it is uses in worn torn countries, it is made from Recombinant DNA, and contain high level of vitamin A

56
Q

What is the step of the Recombinant DNA of Golden rice?

A

1- Use restrictive enzymes and take the gene from the daffodil as it has beta carotene, which combats vitamin A lacking.
2- Once the gene is extracted from the genome and then it is added to the genome of the rice, to make the GOLDEN RICE

57
Q

What are the advantages of the golden rice?
(2 adv)

A
  • Nutrient enhancement–> high levels of Vitamin A, reduce blindness.
  • Economic benefits as it reduces the diseases related to vitamin A and less burden of the medical industry.
58
Q

What are the disadvantages of the golden rice? (one of them)

A

Unknown long-term effect might be unforeseen health risks.

59
Q

What is an example for Agricultural biotechnology used in animals, what animal and what is the advantages and disadvantages?
(2 advantages, 1 DIsadvantage)

A

IVF or AI, used with white Rhinos,
Advantage is that the rhinos have been brought back from extinction, at the start of the 20th century there were only 50 white rhinos left but with, the help of captive breeding now there is approximately 20400 and no apparent birth effects, from inbreeding in a small population.
Disadvantage is when we inbreed the same species of white rhino the genetic diversity decreases in the long term, and in the times where diseases out break it is highly likely that they may not have the favourable gene to survive

60
Q

What is gene therapy?

A

Is a technique based on delivering normal/healthy genes, into individuals with genetic disorders to replace the faulty gene.

61
Q

What is a retrovirus?

A

Is capable of transferring its DNA into a normal eukaryotic cell.

62
Q

What are the positive social and ethical issues of biotechnology?(1)

A

Improving the quality of life by meeting the needs of society
Improving poverty and health
Using gene technology to replace defective genes.

63
Q

What Are the Negative Social and Ethical Issues of biotechnology?

A

Ethical issues- licensing genetic inventions and use of stem cells from embryo
Animal welfare- effect of biotechnology on transgenic animals

64
Q

What are 5 issues of biotechnology?

A

Ecological issues
Social issues
Ownership of intellectual property issues
Health issues
Cultural issues

65
Q

What are some ecological issues?

A

Possibility that the biotechnology can protect crops from harmful insects but may have the potential of affecting beneficial insect

66
Q

What is CRISPR?

A

, it allows genes to be spliced and inserted with pinpoint accuracy, which is a gene editing process.

67
Q

What are some health and safety issues?

A

GMOs gie the possibility of additional nutrition and disease resistance to those countries that don’t have the means to provide these, the negative effect is that with the creation of antibiotics resistant microbes.

68
Q

What are some cultural issues?

A

These has been prominent debate of golden rice 2 i the Philippine on why impose a GM rice when there is plenty of natural fresh foods that source vitamin A

69
Q

What are some social impacts?

A

Farmers who buy seeds cannot collect the seeds for the following year but must buy more seeds as these are genetically modified seeds, which put burned on farmers in developing countries while also creating a large-scale risk of few crops to food security.

70
Q

What does CRISPR-cas 9 do?

A

Is an enzyme that can be used to snip DNA at a particular base

71
Q

What are the steps of CRISPR?

A

1.A guide RNA is made, which matches the mutated DNA sequence, to target a specific complementary nucleotide sequence
2.CRISPR-cas 9 is added to the RNA mix
3.An injection containing the RNA + CRISPR -cas9
4.Guide RNA identifies the mutated Nucleotide
5.CRISPR CAS 9, enzyme cuts out the affected sequence
6.Scientists insert a healthy DNA sequence replace one taken out
7.Normal genome

72
Q

What does Artificial insemination involve?

A

It involves collecting sperm from a chosen male and artificially introduced several selected females

73
Q

What are the benefits of artificial insemination?

A

Coasteffcetive as no need to breed a large number of males
No STD
Genetic improvement

74
Q

What are the disadvantages of artificial insemination?

A

Reduce genetic variation→ loss of biodiversity
Causes injury to females if not done correctly

75
Q

What is the process of Artificial insemination?

A

1-semen containing the sperm is removed from male by mechanically stimulating
2- then the semen is then divided into semen straws
3- then they are transferred to the female via artificial insemination gun
4- the gun is then inserted into the vagina where the semen is deposited

76
Q

What is an example of artificial insemination?

A

Droughtmaster is made from Barham and short horn as the Barham has more resistant diseases and short term has good quality meat and the Droughtmaster would have those favorable traits.

77
Q

What is the expansion for IVF?

A

In vitro fertilisation.

78
Q

What are the steps of IVF?

A

1- women is injected with hormones to stimulate more healthy egg development
2- eggs are collected from ovaries and sperm is collected from male
3- sperm and egg are combined in a petri dish to increase fertilisation
4- embryo dividends via mitosis until reaches the blastocyst stage(100 cells)
5- then the blastocyst transferred into the biological mother

79
Q

What are the advantages of IVF?

A

-Higher success rate of offsprings
- Genetic improvement
-Reduce disease transmission

80
Q

What are the disadvantages of IVF?

A

Reduces genetic variation
Higher cost as you need specialised equipment
Maintain more cattle
Ethical concerns

81
Q

Example of IVF?

A

Friesian bull which produces large quantities of milk and the jersey cow which produces creamy milk and produce an offspring with favorable traits

82
Q

What is the process of artificial pollination?

A

1.Cut The anther of the pollen which the stigma is being used to prevent self pollination
2.Brush the pollen off the anther and then brush on to the stigma

83
Q

What does Artificial pollination involve?

A

Deliberately transferring pollen from an anther of a flower to the stigma to ensure desirable traits are inherited

84
Q

What is self pollination?

A

Same flower

85
Q

What is cross pollination?

A

Different flowers

86
Q

What is the advantage of artificial pollination?

A

-Higher rate of successful pollination
-Higher yield
-Economical benefit improved crop yield

87
Q

What is the disadvantage of artificial pollination?

A

Genetic diversity decreases
Disrupts the local environment balance as AP increases population of bees decreases more competition for flora.

88
Q

Example of artificial pollination?

A

Get a kiwi plant with a tangy and sweet taste with a kiwi plant with higher yield the you produce a offspring with favorable characteristics

89
Q

What’s the process of recombinant DNA?

A
  1. Obtain desired gene by cutting it out by using restriction enzymes (daffodil)
  2. Same restriction enzymes are used to cut the plasmid (rice bacteria)
  3. The DNA and Plasmid have sticky ends,
  4. Plasmid and the DNA are added together via base pairing (joined by DNA ligase)
    plasmid is placed back into the bacterium cell (rice)
  5. Undergoes PCR
89
Q

What are the advantages of recombinant DNA(golden rice)?

A

-Nutrient enhancement, high levels of vitamin A(reduces blindness)
-Economic benefit as it reduces diseases related to vitamin A, less burden on the health industry

90
Q

What are the disadvantages of recombinant DNA?

A

Unknown long term effects, might be foreseen health risks

91
Q

What is the example of recombinant DNA?

A

Daffodil and Rice bacterium

92
Q

what is the negative of forensic science

A

very costly and not available everywhere around the world

92
Q

what is the positive of forensic science

A

criminal justice, as criminal is no longer a threat to society

93
Q
A

Biology (4 decks)

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