mod3 Flashcards
What is the difference between race and ethnicity
Race is biological and you can only have one
Ethnicity is cultural so you can have multiple and it can change over time
Why is it important to collect ethnicity data?
Because inequalities in health can be identified and dealth with and reduced
This can be for policy, monitoring and evaluation
How is ethnicity data usually recorded
responses are converted into numerical form. From level 1 to level4. Responses are first recorded at level 4 and level 4 is the most detailed.
Total response output
Each respondent is counted in each ethnic group reported.
The sum of ethnic group population will exceed that of NZ. If 2 ethnic groups are the same (at level1?), they are counted at that level once
What are the strengths and weaknesses of total response output
Strength: follows the concept of self-identification (non alterring responses) and has the potential to represent people who don’t identify with any given ethnic group
Weaknesses: Can create complexities in distribution of funding and in monitoring changes in ethnic composition. This creates issues in data interpretation as comparisons between group include overlapping data
What is prioritised output
Allocates a single prioritised ethnic group to individuals, regardless of the number of ethnicities responded with. It is a reduction process and does not assume it is their strongest ethnicity.
What is the order of prioritisation in prioritised output
Maori over pacific over asian, over MELAA overother over european
What is the strength of prioritised output
Ensures that ethnic groups of policy importance or small size are not swamped by the NZ European group. Data is easy to work with as each person appears only once. It is widely used for funding calculations, ethnic composition monioring
What is the weakness with prioritised output
Goes against the ethnic principle of self-identification and it biases the statistics as it over-represents some groups at the expense of others
Sole combination output
Has sole ethnic categories and combination ones
Sole combination Output strengths
the ethnicity counts are the same as the number of participants. Follows principle of self identification
Sole combination output weaknesses
relatively uncommon output. Some ethnicities aren’t identifiable due to the naming of combination groups (3 groups)
Definition of determinants
A determinant is any event, characteristic or other definable entity that brings about a change for better or worse in health
Socioeconomic position
The social and economic factors that influence what positions individuals hold within the structure of a society
Income
strongly related to wellbeing, relates to the ability to purchase health improving goods and services and take time off work for health appointments. It is the most modifiable determinant and can change rapidly. It is a cumulative factor ( retention of wealth)
Employment
Main factor determining adequate income. Enhances social status, improves self esteem, provides social contact , enhances opportunities for regular activity, and are important to both physical and mental health
Education
it is a pathway to income opportunities. It is vital for health literacy-a person’s ability to take on health messages, pick up on signs of illness in themselves and understand the health informational services available to them in order to make appropriate health decisions
Housing
Many families now spend a greater proportion of household income on housing costs, which leaves less money for other items essential to good health ( nutritious food, education, health services) and also leads to the sharing of accommodation causing overcrowding, which could directly impact physical and mental health
Population based services/facilities
funding and maintenance of services such as water, sewerage, infrastructure, development, transport, recreational facilities and environmental protections
Social cohesion
People with strong family, cultural and community ties tend to have better health than those who are socially isolated(single parents, elderly, disabled, mentally, low access to phones, motor vehicles). Unemployment and high mobility also reduce social connectedness
Culture and ethnicity
In NZ, ethnicity is strongly associated with SEP. Maori cultural conventions and identity are associated with health as are gender roles. Health inequalities are important both with and across ethnic groups
Early child development
fundamental to health, success and happiness throughout life
Social gradient
links socioeconomic position and population health. Inequalities in social status are related to inequalities in health status.
Social mobility
The ability of individuals/groups to move within or between social strata.
Upward mobility/downward mobility: moving up/down the social ladder
Intergenerational mobility: movement on the social ladder within an individuals lifetime.
Intergenerational mobility: A link in change in SEP or social ladder position between parent and child
Why should health inequalities be reduced
it is equitable: People have little control over socio-economic factors detrimental to their health. Factors will improve an individual’s choices and capability to succeed in life.
they are avoidable:The fact that they vary over time and region proves they are reducible. Health inequalities stem from government policy options and are therefore reducible. Since these differences in health status are not biologically determined, they are avoidable
They affect everyone: Inequities have flow on effects into wider society, affecting economic productivity and escalating crime, violence, communicable diesease and drug/alcohol misuse
Reducingthem has
economic benefits: It enables the workforce to be healthy as well as highly skilled and reduces expenditure on treatment services. Interventions are cost effective and efficient and reallocation resources to target socioeconomic disparities results in lower costs and greater marginal benefits.
Agency
A person’s autonomy and capacity to make free choices
Structure
social and physical environmental conditions that influence choices or opportunities
Proximal
A determinant that is readily/directly associated with the change in health status
Distal
A determinant that is distant in time/place from the change in health status. More stable and harder to change. Acts on the more proximal determinants
