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NEW XIA POPLHLTH > Essential Definitions > Flashcards

Essential Definitions Flashcards

1
Q

Temporality

A

First the cause, then the dis-ease

Essential to establish a causal relation

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2
Q

Strength of association definition

A

The stronger an association, the more likely to be causal in absence of known biases

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3
Q

Consistency of association

A

replication of the findings by different investigators at different times, in different places, with different methods

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4
Q

Biological gradient

A

Incremental change in disease rates in conjunction with corresponding changes in exposure

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5
Q

Biological plausibility of association

A

Does the association make sense biologically

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6
Q

Specificity of association

A

A cause leads to a single effect or a an effect has a single cause

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7
Q

Reversibility

A

The demonstration that under controlled conditions, changing the exposure causes a change in the outcome

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8
Q

Cause of disease

A

an event, condition, characteristic or combination of any of these factors which play an essential role in producing the dis-ease

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9
Q

Sufficient cause

A

cause is a factor(s) (the whole thing)

that will inevitably produce the specific dis-ease

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10
Q

component cause

A

is a factor that contributes towards dis-ease causation, but is not sufficient to cause dis-ease on it’s own

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11
Q

Necessary cause

A

factor that must be present if a specific dis-ease is to occur

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12
Q

Downstream intervention

A

interventions that operate at the micro(proximal) level, including treatment systems and disease management

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13
Q

Upstream

intervention

A

interventions that operate at the macro level (distal level) like government policies and international trade agreements

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14
Q

Proximal determinants

A

Determinant of health that is proximate or near to the change in health status. Near generally refers to any determinant that is readily and directly associated with the change in health status

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15
Q

Distal determinant

A

A determinant of health that is either distant in time and/ or place from the cahnge in health status

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16
Q

Habitus

A

lifestyle, values, dispositions, and expectation of particular social groups “learned through everyday activities”

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17
Q

Natural capital

A

all aspects of the natural environment needed to support life and human activity. It includes land, soil, water plants and animals as well as minerals and energy resources

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18
Q

Human capital

A

encompasses people’s skills, knowledge and physical and mental health.

These are the things which enable people to participate fully in work, study , recreation and in society more broadly

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19
Q

Social capital

A

This describes the norms and values that underpin society.

It includes things like trust, the rule of law, the crown maori relationship, cultural identiy and connections between people and communities

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20
Q

Financial/physical change

A

This includes things like houses, roads, buildings, hospitals, factories,, equipment and vehicles, things that make up the county’s physical and financial assets which have direct role in supporting incomes and material living conditions

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21
Q

Structure

A

social and physical environment conditions that influence choices and opportunities available

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22
Q

Agency

A

capacity of an individual to act independently and make free choices

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23
Q

Inequality

A

Measurable differences or variations in health, i.e differences in health experience and outcomes between population groups- according to SEP, area, age, disability, gender and ethnic group

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24
Q

Inequity

A

those inequalities that are deemed to be unfair or stemming from some form of injustice

Health inequities are differences in the distribution of resources/services across populations which do not reflect health needs

Relations of equal and unequal power

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25
Q

Nga manukura

A

Health professional AND community leadership

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26
Q

Te Mana Whakahaere

A

Capacity for self-governance and
Community control and
enabling political environment

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27
Q

Mauriora

A

Access to Te Ao Maori

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28
Q

Waiora

A

Environmental protection

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29
Q

Toiora

A

Healthy lifestyle

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30
Q

Te Oranga

A

Participation in society

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31
Q

Ottawa charter 3 basic strategies :Enable

A

provide opportunities for all individuals to make healthy choices through access to information, life skills and supportive environments

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32
Q

Ottawa charter 3 basic strategies :ADVOCATE

A

to create favourable political, economic, social , cultural and physical environments by promoting and advocating for health and focusing on achieving equity in health

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33
Q

Ottawa Charter, 3 basic strategies: mediate

A

to facilitate/bring together individuals, groups and parties with opposing interests to work together/come to a compromise for pormotion o fhealth

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34
Q

Gold standard

A

ideal test

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35
Q

Sensitivity

A

the likelihood of a positive test in those with the disease

The ability of the test to identify correcyly those who have the disease (a+c)

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36
Q

specificity

A

The likelihood of a negative test in those without the disease.
i.e the ability of the test to identify correctly those who do not have the disease from all individuals free from the disease (b+d)

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37
Q

PPV-positive predictive value

A

the proportion who really have the disease of all people who test positive
The probability of having disease if test is positive

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38
Q

Negative Predictive value

A

The proportion who are actually free of the disease of all people who test negative

The probability of not having the disease if the test is negative

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39
Q

Risk Difference(RD)= Attributable risk

A

the amount of “extra” disease attributable to a particular risk factor in the exposed group

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40
Q

PAR

A

The amount of extra disease attributable to a particular risk factor in a PARTICULAR POPULATION

I.e this is the amount of disease we could prevent if we removed that particular risk factor from the population

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41
Q

DALY

A

A summary measure of population health that combines data on premature mortality non-fatal health outcomes to represent the health of a particular population as a single number

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42
Q

YLL

A

Represents mortality by counting the years lost due to premature death caused by a disease

43
Q

YLD

A

represents the morbidity by counting the years lived with the disease

44
Q

Deprivation

A

state of observable and demonstrable disadvantage relative to the local community or the wider society or nation to which an individual, family or group belongs.

45
Q

Volume

A

The computing capacity required to store and analyse data

46
Q

Velocity

A

The speed at which data is created and analysed

47
Q

Variety

A

the types of data sources available( text, images, social media, administrative)

48
Q

Variability

A

The internal consistency of your data

49
Q

Value

A

the costs required to undertake big data analysis should pay dividends for your organisation and their pateints

50
Q

Visualisation

A

The use of novel techniques to communicate the patterns that would otherwise have been lost in massive tables of data

51
Q

Data linkage

A

process of matching records from different sources based on “key” information-( age, sex, address, etc)

52
Q

Deterministic data linkage

A

exact matches based on personal information appearing in all of the datasets that are to be linked ( does not have to be explicit)

53
Q

Probabilistic data linkage

A

statistical weights are used to calculate the probability that data from different sources refer to the same individual

54
Q

NHI

A

National health index- it is basically an identifyier

Everyone is given an NIHI from the publically funded health system and your NHI basically tracks your interactions with the health system.

The NHI is important so your GPs, pharamcists, DHBs and community laboratories can be reimbursed for their services and provide an electronic history of your health over time

55
Q

IDI

A

Integrated Data infrastructure is a large research data base containing microdata about people and households,
They basically contain deidentified data from a range of government agencies, statitsics NZ, surveys and non-government organisations

56
Q

Availability

A

existence of services barriers

The relationship of the volume and type of existing services to the clients’ volume and type of needs

57
Q

accommodation (organisational barriers)

A

The relationship between the manner in which supply rsources are organised and the expectation of clients

58
Q

Acceptability

A

The relationship between clients’ and providers’ attitudes to what constitutes appropriate care

59
Q

accessibility

A

the relationship between the location of supply and the location of clients taking account of client transportation resources, travel time, distance and cost

60
Q

Affordability

A

The cost of provider services in relation to the client’s ability and willingness to pay for these services

61
Q

Definition of access (not accessibility)

A

Access is the end result of a process flowing from predisposing characteristics and enabling resources through need to ultimate health outcomes

62
Q

Deprivation

A

is a state of observable and demonstrable disadvantage relative to the local community or the wider society or nation to which an individual, family or group belongs
OBSERVABLE AND DEMONSTRABLE DISADVANTAGE

63
Q

nzdep communication

A

people aged under 65 with no access to the internet at home

64
Q

nzdep income(1)

A

people aged 18-64 receiving a means tested benefit

65
Q

nzdep income(2)

A

people living in equivalised households with income below an income threshold

66
Q

nzdep employment

A

people aged 18-64, unemployed (us fuck)

67
Q

nzdep qualifications

A

people aged 18-64 without any qualifications

68
Q

nzdep owned home

A

people not living in own home

69
Q

nzdep Support

A

people aged under 65 living in a single parent family

70
Q

living spaced

A

people living in equivalised households below a bedroom occupancy threshold

71
Q

transport

A

people with no access to a car

72
Q

imd

A

employment, in ome, crime, housing, health, education, access

The NZ index of multiple deprivation

73
Q

employment -imd-

A

measure the degree to which working age people are excluded from employment

74
Q

income-imd

A

captures the extent of income deprivation in a data zone by measuring state funded financial assistance to those with insufficient income

75
Q

Crime -imd

A

Crime domain measures the risk of personal and material victimisation damage to person or property

76
Q

housing-imd

A

proportion of people living in overcrowded housing and proportion livingin rented accommodation

77
Q

Health-imd

A

identifies areas with a high level of ill health (hospitalisations, cancer) or mortality

78
Q

Education-imd

A

Captures youth disengagement, and the proportion of the working age without a formal qualification

79
Q

Access

A

measures the cost and inconvenience of travelling to access basic services, supermarkets, gps, service stations, ECE, schools

80
Q

ecological fallacy

A

error that arises when information about groups of people is used to make inferences about individuals

81
Q

Healthy environment

A

physical, social or political setting that prevent disease while enhancing human health and wellbeing,

82
Q

built environment

A

all the buildings spaces and products that are created or at least significantly modified by people

83
Q

Feminisation of HIV

A

refers to the observation that increasing proportions of new infections are among women, primarily due to heterosexual transmission of the infection

84
Q

epidemiological transition

A

characteristic shift in common causes of death and disability from perinatal and communicable diseases to non communicable diseases

85
Q

Risk transition

A

changes in risk factor profiles as countries shift from low to rich countries, where common risks for perinatal and communicable diseases are replaced by risks for non-communicable diseases

86
Q

Double burdenof disease

A

middle income countries with perinatal and communicable diseases co-exists with increasing risks for non-communicable diseases

87
Q

Horizontal equity

A

treating people equally in a univeral fashipn

88
Q

vertical equity

A

unequal treatment of unequally situated individuals so as to make them more equal with respect to a particular attribute

89
Q

Host

A

People at risk of experiencing an injury/caregiver of the at-risk

90
Q

Agent

A

people/object that causes injury or accident. Can also be a person like the car-driver

91
Q

Environment column

A

usually refers to the contextual background ( the environmental determinant that is associated with an injury, can be social/physical

92
Q

Pre-event

A

refers to anything that happened before the injury/accident

93
Q

Event

A

refers to the moment when an injury or accident takes place, and at the site of injury

94
Q

post-event

A

refers to anything that happens after the injury or accident beyond the site of injury

95
Q

Third dimension

A

the incorporation of value criteria in the decision making process

96
Q

Effectiveness

A

How well does the intervention work when applied

97
Q

Cost

A

Costs of implementing or enforcing the program.policy. And who bears the costs of a particular program and hwho values the criterion

98
Q

Freedom

A

the freedom of some group may have to be compromised to achieve the intended goal with most public health interventions

99
Q

Stigmatization

A

may/may not be desirable.

100
Q

Preferences of the affected community or individuals

A

If a population exposed to an intervention is opposed or not, and the perceptions of the community about the suitability of a particular intervention.

101
Q

total response output

A

each respondent is counted into each of the ethnic groups they reported

102
Q

prioritised output

A

allocates a single prioritised ethnic group to individuals regardless of the number of ethnicities they responded with

103
Q

Sole/combination output

A

Has sole ethnic categories for those who responded with a single ethnic group, and combination categories for those responded with multiple ethnic groups ( e.g Sally would be like 3 groups if she reported 3 different ethnicities

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