mod2 Flashcards
Population based intervention
Focuses on the whole population, aims to control the determinants and shift the whole distribution of exposure to risk factors in a favourable direction. Useful for a common wide spread cause. It often implements mass environmental control methds or alter some societal norms
High risk individual intervention
Focuses on the individuals who have high risk and offers them some individual protection, seeks to achieve a truncation of the risk distribution.
Health promotion
acts on the determinants of wellbeing and enables and empowers people to increase control over and improve their health. It involves whole populations and is usually pre-disease
What are the advantages of High risk individual strategies
Appropriate to individuals- as it is well matched to their specific concerns and problems
Individuals are motivated.
Physicians feel motivated as they feel justified for intervening
Cost-effective use of limitted resources as they concentrate limited services and time where need and benefit is the greatest
Favourable benefit:risk ratio
Reduces health inequalities
Disadvantages of High risk individual strategy
Screening difficulties( Repetitiveness, borderliners)
High cost of screening
Temporary and palliative- it does not deal with the cause
Limited potential- for individual and population, so weak power for predicting future disease
a large number of people with small risk may give rises to more total cases of disease
Behaviorally inappropriate- gets people to go against social norm
What are the advantages of a population based intervention
radical-addresses the underlying causes
Large potential benefit- for the whole population
Behaviorally accepatble- sets new norm, less need for individual persuasion and maintenance
Motivation of social rewards-
Disadvantages of a population based intervention
Small benefit to individuals (prevention paradox)
Poor individual motivation- (people don’t think of their future health)
Poor motivation of physicians ( struggle to see health as a population issue- patients not grateful for preventative medicine
Less favourable benefit: risk ratio- the whole population is exposed to the cons of the strategies and the activist must provide adequate evidence of safety
Health protection
Focuses on environmental hazards- can be pre and during disease
This includes- assessing risk/hazard, risk communication, monitoring, occupational health
Disease prevention
Has a disease focus-looks at ways of preventing disease or consequence.
Primary
acts before disease-aims to prevent biological onset- controls specific risk factors/ determinants
Secondary- acts at the early stages, reduces the more serious consequences of the disease
Teritary- acts after diagnosis- aims to reduce the progress of complications of an established disease
Causation
establishing the relationship between exposure and outcomes in populations
A strong statistical association is not a guarantee of causation
preventative action can be used before the cause is identified
Sufficient cause
a factor or combination of factors which when together will invariably produce the disease
Component cause
contributes towards the disease but is not sufficient to cause disease on its own
Necessary cause
a component cause that must be present if a specific disease is to occur
Screening
identifying either risk factors for disease or unrecognised disease by applying tests on a large scale to a population. The objective screening initiatvive is to improve health outcomes
