Mod Terms 1: Foundations & Basic Knowledge (10%) Flashcards
t/f: a licensed vocational nurse is also known as a licensed practical nurse
true
what are the 3 ways licensure can be given
examination, reciprocity, and endorsement
what is the difference between licensure by examination and endorsement
endorsement is through a national board exam
diagnostic testing, new pain s/s, and physical exams require
in-person physical evaluations
following up on meds, chronic condition management, pt education, evaluation of minor concerns, follow up on new equipment, and discussing labs may be done through
telehealth appoinments
describe the PATIENT-CENTERED MEDICAL HOME MODEL (PCMH)
PCP is head of team and all aspects of pt care are managed
which healthcare model makes up most of US healthcare
fee for service
describe FEE FOR SERVICE
every test/service has charge/fee schedule and the office bills the insurance which then charges pt predetermined amount
describe VALUE-BASED PLANS
has quadruple aim with financial reward for keeping pts healthy stressing stress prevention and early intervention
the US is slowly moving to this healthcare model
value-based plans
what is the four parts of the quadruple aim of value-based plans
- improve pt outcomes
- improve pt satisfaction
- lower cost
- health care professional well-being
what are the 3 types of managed care
HMO, PPO, POS
define MANAGED CARE
healthcare for preset scheduled payments and coordinated care from network
describe POINT OF SERVICE PLANS
- no PCPs
- self-refer to specialists
- cost depends on providers seen in plan’s panel
- lower medical costs for more limited choices
t/f: POS plans offer lots of flexibility
true
describe PREFERRED PROVIDER ORGANIZATIONS (PPOs)
- network gives a discounted fee and lots of flexibility
- no PCP
- self-refer to specialists
- see providers in and out of network
t/f: PPOs are not more flexible than HMOs
false
define HEALTH MAINTENANCE ORGANIZATION (HMO)
contract w/medical center or providers and fixed annuals characterized by referrals, precertification, and preauthorization
define CAPITATION
payment per member/month based on factors and providers paid to keep pts healthy rather than encounters
what does a partial/blended capitation mean
only some services are based on capitation
what are some factors for capitation
age, race, sex, lifestyle, medical history, benefit design, expected usage is greater than pt visits
acetaminophen, hydrocodone, and codeine are types of
analgesics
esomeprazole, calcium carbonate, and famotidine are examples of
antacids/anti-ulcer
amoxicillin, ciprofloxacin, sulfamethoxazole are examples of
antibiotics
ipratopium, dicyclomine, and hyoscyamine are examples of
anticholinergics
anticholinergics prevent
smooth muscle spasms
warfarin, heparin, and apixabin are examples of
anticoagulants
clonazepam, phenytoin, gabapetin are examples of
anticonvulsants
doxepin, fluoxetine, duloxetine, selegiline are examples of
antidepressants
bismuth subsalicylate, loperamide, diphenoxylate/atropine are examples of
antidiarrheals
metoclopramide and ondansetron are examples of
antiemetics
fluconazole, nystatin, and miconazole are examples of
antifungal
diphenhydramine, cetirizine, and loratadine are examples of
antihistamine
metoprolol, lisinopril, valsartan, and clonidine are examples of
antihypertensive
ibuprofen, celecoxib, and naproxen are examples of
anti-inflammatories
the purpose of antilipemic are to
reduce cholesterol
atorvastatin, fenofibrate, and cholestyramine are examples
antilipemics
topiramate, sumatriptan, rizatriptan, and zolmitriptan are examples of
antimigraines
alendronate, raloxifene, and calcitronin are examples of
anti-osteoporosis
the purpose of anti-osteoporosis agents
increase bone density
quetiapine, haloperidol, and risperidone are examples of
antipsychotics
acetaminophen, ibuprofen, and aspirin are examples of
antipyretics
cyclobenzaprine, methocarbamol, and carisoprodol are examples of
skeletal/muscle relaxants
dextromethorphan, codeine, and guaifenesin are examples of
antitussives/expectorants
acyclovir, interferon, and oseltamivir are examples of
antivirals
the purpose of anxiolytics
reduce anxiety
clonazepam, diazepam, and lorazepam are examples of
anxiolytics
albuterol, isoproterenol, and theophylline are examples of
bronchodilators
methylphenidate, dextroamphetamine, and lisdexamfetamine are examples of
central nervous system stimulants
medroxyprogesterone acetate, ethinyl estradiol, and drospirenone are examples of
contraceptives
pseudoephedrine, phenylephrine, oxymetazoline are examples of
decongestants
furosemide, hydrochlorothiazide, and bumetanide are examples of
diuretics
levothyroxine, insulin, desmopressin, and estrogen are examples of
hormone replacement
magnesium hydroxide, bisacodyl, and docusate sodium are examples of
laxatives/stool softeners
metformin, glyburide, and pioglitazone are examples of
oral hypoglemics
zolpidem, temazepam, and eszopiclone are examples of
sedatives/hypnotics
give examples of schedule 1 drugs
heroin, mescaline, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), marijuana
t/f: marijuana is not prosecuted in states it is legal
true
this schedule has high abuse and dangerous dependence
schedule 2
morphine, methadone, oxycodone, hydromorphone, hydrocodone, fentanyl, and amphetamine are which schedule of drugs
schedule II
t/f: schedule II drugs are refillable
false
this schedule has moderate-low abuse risk and dependence
schedule III
ketamine, anabolic steroids, acetaminophen w/codeine, and buprenorphine are examples of this schedule
schedule III
this schedule has low abuse risk and dependence
schedule IV
tramadol and benzodiazepines are examples of this class of drugs
schedule IV
diphenoxylate w/atropine, guaifenesin w/codeine, and pregabalin are examples of this type of schedule
schedule V
schedule III, IV, and V drugs cannot be refilled under these conditions
- > 6 months after prescription date
- > 5 times in 6 months
define THERAPEUTIC EFFECTS
desired effects
define SIDE EFFECTS
predictable, undesirable, and gen unavoidable and harmless reactions of body that can limit med’s ability
define ADVERSE EFFECTS
unintended and harmful reactions preventing further use
define INDICATIONS
problems meds are prescribed for
define CONTRAINDICATIONS
sx/conditions making tx inadvisable or dangerous
define PRECAUTIONS
lesser risk problems needing monitoring
pt’s with liver disease should not have
acetaminophen, phenytoin, fluconazole, bupropion, lisinopril, penicillin, erythromycin, rifampin, ritonavir, and losartan
MAOIs should not be mixed with
tyramine foods or other antidepressants
examples of tyramine foods
avocados, smoked meats, wine, most cheese
dextromethorphan, simvastatin, and sildenafil should not be mixed with
grapefruit juice
warfarin and oral contraceptives should not mix with
st john’s wart
albuterol should not mix with
propranolol
warfarin should not mix with
aspirin
oral contraceptives should not mix with
most antibiotics
how many drops is in 1 mL
15
how many mL in 1 tsp
5
how many mL in 1 tbsp
15
how many mL is in 1 cup
240
how many mL is in 1 oz (2 tbsp)
30 mL
how many mL is in 1 pint
480 mL
how many mL is in 1 quart
960
how many mL is in 1 gallon
3830
how are creams administered
topical, vaginal, and rectal
how are drops administered
otic, ophthalmic, and nasal
how is dry powder administered
inhalaiton
how are emulsions administered
oral
how are ointments administered
topical, ophthalmic, otic, vaginal, and rectal
powders for reconstitution are administered by
IV, IM, SubQ, ID
solutions are administered by
oral, topical, vaginal, urethral, and rectal
suspensions are administered by
oral
how are tinctures administered
oral and topical
how are foams administered
vaginal
how are gels administered
oral, topical, and rectal
how are linimets administered
topical
how are lotions administered
topical
how are lozenges administered
oral
how are mists administered
inhalation and nasal
how are patches administered
topical
how are powders administered
topical
solid and fluid extracts are administered are by
oral
sprays are administered by
topical, nasal, inhalation, and sublingual
suppositories are administered via
vaginal and rectal
tablets are administered via
oral, buccal, vaginal, sublingual
what are the injection sites for IDs
skin of upper chest, forearms, and upper back
what are injection sites for IMs
deltoid, vastus lateralis, ventrogluteal
what are injection sites for SubQs
upper arms, abdomen, butt, upper outer thighs
list the rights of drug administration
pt, medication, dose, time, route, technique, documentation
medication should be checked when
getting meds, preparing, and putting away
what does the time right of drug administration mean
are there certain conditions required for administration
define the technique right of drug administration
proper method to administer via selected route
what should be documented after injection
date, time, quantity, strength, method, site, lot #, manufacturer, expiration date, pt outcome, effects
define PHARMOKINETICS
study of how meds move through body
what are the four components of pharmokinetics
absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion
what are factors for absorption
route, fat solubility, surface area, food
list the 6 primary nutrients
water, protein, carbs, fat, vitamins, minerals
how much of the body is water
50-80%
what is the gen recommended water intake
2-3 L
how much water is lost/day
1750-3000 mL
essential amino acids need to be
eaten
nonessential amino acids are able to be
made
conditional amino acids are
amino acids that become essential during stres/illness
give examples of simple carbohydrates
honey, sugar
give examples of complex carbohydrates
fruits, veggies, cereal, pasta, rice, beans, whole grain
purpose of fats
growth, cell structure, protein function, insulate & protect, prevent blood clots, control BP, energy
t/f: saturated fats raise cholesterol more than unsaturated
true
which vitamins are fat soluble
A, D, E, K
which vitamins are water soluble
B, folate, biotin, C, pantothenic acid
milk fat, meat, egg yolks, leafy veggies, fish oil, and orange & yellow produce are sources of
vitamin A
fish/meat/poultry, whole grains, seeds, nuts, years, avocados, and bananas are sources of
vitamin B
berries/citrus, green peppers, mangoes, broccoli, potatoes, cauliflower, and tomatoes are sources of
vitamin C
sunlight, fortified milk, eggs, fish, and liver are sources of
vitamin D
fortified cereal, nuts, vegetable oils, green & leafy veggies are examples of
vitamin E
green & leafy veggies, beans, asparagus, and legumes are sources of
folate
meat, grain, legumes, fruits, and veggies are sources of
patothenic acid
green & leafy veggies, dairy, grain, meat, eggs, and fruits are sources of
vitamin K
beef/pork, sardines, cheese, green olives, and sauerkraut are sources of
sodium
whole & skim milk, bananas, prunes, raisins are sources of
potassium
milk & milk products, meat, eggs, cereal, beans, fruits, veggies are sources of
calcium
milk, cheese, meat/poultry, nuts, legumes, and cereals are sources of
phosphorus
green leaves, nuts, cereal grains, and seafood are sources of
magnesium
soybean flour, beef, beans, peaches, and clams are sources of
iron
veggies are a good source of
zinc
seafood, iodized salt, and dairy are sources of
iodine
this vitamin promotes night vision, cell growth, and maintenance of skin and health
vitamin A
this vitamin aids in calcium absorption, bone & teeth health, and heart & nerve function
vitamin D
headaches, skin peeling, and bone thickening are sx of
vitamin A toxicity
kidney failure, metastatic calcification, and anorexia are sx of
vitamin D toxicity
this vitamin aids in cell protection and form blood cells
vitamin E
this vitamin aids in blood clotting & bone growth and reduces effectiveness of blood clotting meds
vitamin K
this vitamin aids in carb metabolism and heart/nerve/muscle function
vitamin B1
this vitamin aids in fat and protein metabolism
vitamin B2
this vitamin aids in carb and fat metabolism
vitamin B3
red itchy and tingling skin are sx of
vitamin B3
this vitamin aids in enzyme assistance in amino acid synthesis
vitamin B6
peripheral neuropathy is a sx of
vitamin B6 toxicity
this vitamin aids in protein & fat metanolism, nerve-cell maintenance, and cell development
vitamin B12
this vitamin aids in immunity, iron absorption, bone/muscle/vessel structure
vitamin C
this herbal supplement tx depression, anxiety, and sleep disorders but there is no research denying it as a placebo
st. john’s wart
this herbal supplement tx menopause sx
black cohosh
t/f: melatonin can interfere w/conception
true
people should not take willow bark if they cannot tolerate
aspirin
willow bark is used for
pain relief
glucosamine sulfate promotes
healthy cartilage formation
Gingko Biloba promotes
increase memory and mental function by increasing blood flow to brain
what are the aspects/recommendations for a diet for someone who has chronic kidney disease
- limit salt/sodium
- cautious/limit protein
- protect heart
- minimize phosphorous intake
- control potassium level
people with celiac disease cannot have
wheat, barley, and rye
what are the diet recommendations for people who have diabetes
- several small nutrient-dense meals
- avoid food high in added sugars
- limit lots of carbs
- eat more fiber
list sx of anorexia
self starvation, perfectionism, extreme sensitivity to criticism, excessive fear of weight gain, >/= 15% weight loss, extreme control of behavior, amenorrhea, denial of hunger, excessive and ritualistic eatings, unrealistic image of self as obese
sx of bulimia nervosa
buying & consuming large amounts of food, purging, use bathroom immediately after eating, use laxatives & diuretics, weight constant while overeating, mood swings, depression & guilt after binging & purging
longterm bulimia nervosa leads to
esophagus lesions, erosion of tooth enamel, electrolyte & hormone imbalances
