Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ESA2 - Various > MOD Cellular Adaptations > Flashcards

MOD Cellular Adaptations Flashcards

1
Q

Define paracrine signalling

A

A cell synthesises and secretes signalling molecules that act on adjacent cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Define intracrine signalling

A

Cell does not secrete synthesised signalling molecules, they act intracellularly.
Form of autocrine.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are growth factors?
What are they coded for by?
What do they do?

A

Local chemical mediators at act over a short distance.
Coded for by proto-oncogenes.
Stimulate cell proliferation, migration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How do growth factors affect cells?

A

Stimulate transcription and translation of genes that control path of cell through cell cycle.
Affect proliferation, migration, locomotion, contractility and differentiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Give 4 growth factors

A

Epidermal growth factor
Vascular endothelial growth factor
Platelet derived growth factor
Granule yet colony stimulating factor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does EGF do?

Produced by?

A

Nitrogen if for epithelia, fibroblasts, hepatocytes.

Produced by keratinocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does VEGF do?

A

Angiogenesis in tumours, chronic inflammation and healing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Where is PDGF stored?
What is it produced by?
What does it do?

A

Stored in alpha granules of platelets
Produced by macrophages, endothelium, SMCs
Proliferation and migration of fibroblasts, SMC, hepatocytes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does granulocyte colony stimulating factor do?

A

Srimulates bone marrow to produce granulocytes, neutrophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Give 5 stages of the cell cycle

A

G1 - cellular content is replicated. DNA checked.
S - DNA replication
G2 - cell checks everything and repairs errors
Mitosis/cytokinesis
G0 - cell cycle arrest, terminally differentiated cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What occurs at checkpoints?

A

Monitor damage to DNA. Damaged DNA is not replicated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the most critical checkpoint

A

Restriction point at end of G1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What happens if a checkpoint is activated?

A

p53 suspends the cell cycle and triggers DNA repair or apoptosis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

When are the checkpoints?

A

Restriction checkpoint at the end of G1
G1/S
G2/M

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How is the cell cycle controlled? (Protein?)

A

Cyclins and cycklin dependent kinases drive th cell cycle by phosphorylation of proteins that are required for progress.
CDK inhibitors regulate cyclin-CDK complexes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is regeneration?

A

The replacement of lost cells in tissues in order to maintain size of tissue.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is reconstitution

A

The replacement of a lost body part.

Requires coordinated regeneration.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

give tissues good at regeneration

A 
Bone
Epithelia
Liver
Mesothelia
SMC
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Tissues poor at regeneration

A

Cartilage
tendons
Striated muscle

20
Q

Tissues that do not regenerate

A

CNS

Adipose

21
Q

Define hyperplasia. What tissues does it occur in?

A

An increase in tissue size by increasing number of cells.

Occurs in labile and stable tissues.

22
Q

What causes hyperplasia

A

Response to increased functional demand or stimulation

23
Q

Describe and give example of physiological hyperplasia

A

Hormonal, compensatory
Increased production of erythrocytes in low oxygen.
Increased endometrial cells with oestrogen

24
Q

Describe and give example of pathological hyperplasia

A

Overstimulation by hormone or grow factor.

Iodine deficiency leads to goitre

25
Q

Describe hypertrophy. What tissue? Response to?

A

Increase in tissue size due to increase in cell size by increasing structural components.
Permanent tissue
Response to increased functional demand.

26
Q

Examples of physiological hypertrophy

A

Muscles in bodybuilder

SMC in pregnant uterus

27
Q

Examples of pathological hypertrophy

A

Ventricular hypertrophy due to hypertension, valvular disease
SMC hypertrophy above intestinal stenosis
Bladder smooth muscle hypertrophy with bladder obstruction.

28
Q

Describe cardiac hypertrophy

A

Exercise
Hypertension
Valvular disease
Loss of compliance and elasticity so loss of intropy.

29
Q

Describe compensatory hypertrophy.

A

Missing one of pair of organs leads to hypertrophy of the remaining.
Reversible

30
Q

Define atrophy

A

Shrinkage of tissue due to reduction in number of cells or cell size.

31
Q

Define cellular atrophy

A

Reduced cell size

32
Q

Define organ atrophy

A

Reduced cell size and number

33
Q

How does cell deletion occur?

A

Cell induced into apoptosis.If on surface, lost.
If within, cleared by phagocytosis.
Parenchyma lost before strong.

34
Q

Describe cell shrinkage

A

Self digestion.
Limited due to organelle requirement
Ulbiquitin targets proteins for deletion.

35
Q

Describe physiological atrophy examples

A

Post menopause ovarian atrophy

Uterine atrophy post party’s

36
Q

Give some causes of pathological atrophy

A 
Disuse trophy
Denervation atrophy
Senile atrophy
inadequate blood supply
Reduced hormonal stimulation
Inadequate nutrition
37
Q

Define metaplasia

A

Reversible replacement of one adult differentiated cell type with another.
Abnormal regeneration.

38
Q

How does Metaplasia occur

A

Stem cells reprogrammed to produce. Different progeny.

Only occurs in tissues at can replicate.

39
Q

Why does metaplasia occur

A

Expression of new genetic programme which results in cells assuming different structure and function
Secondary to signal molecules.

40
Q

Give some examples of useful metaplasia

A

Bone marrow damaged… Spleen to marrow

Abrasion in ducts leads to columnar epithelial lining turning to stratified squamous.

41
Q

Give some examples of detrimental metaplasia.

A

Smoking… Bronchial pseudo stratified Ciliated epithelia to stratified squamous

Barrett’s oesophagus… Stratified squamous to secretory intestinal epithelium due to acid reflux.

Myosotis ossificans… Trauma to skeletal muscle leads to bone formation due to fibroblasts becoming osteoblasts.

42
Q

Define aplasia

A

Complete failure of tissue to develop.

Organs that have ceased to proliferate

43
Q

Define involution

A

Normal programmed shrinkage

Uterus after childbirth

44
Q

Define Hypoplasia

A

Congenital underdevelopment of tissue
Not opposite of hyperplasia
Inadequate number of cells

45
Q

Define atresia

A

Congenital imperforation of an opening

46
Q

Define dysplasia

A

Ordered disorganisation of tissue in. Reversible pre neoplastic change.

47
Q

Define autocrine signalling

A

Cell synthesises signal molecules that act on the cell itself.

ESA2 - Various (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions